Personal Identification

1. “Law of Multiplicity of Evidence” The greater the number of similarities and dissimilarities, the greater is the probability for the conclusion to be correct. Personal Identification

2. Tatooing Maiming Early Method of identification

3. Alphonse Bertillion • Father of Personal Identification • 1882, became head of the identification service in the office of the Prefect of Police • Spread a new system of identification called anthropometry • Combined portrait parle with anthropometry

4. Anthropometry • Anthropometry is a very old science which relates to the measurement of body dimensions. These may be: • lengths (e.g. the length of the thigh bone or femur), • breadths (e.g. the width across the shoulders, the biacromial breadth), • girths (e.g. waist circumference) • common measurements ( e.g. stature or height and mass or weight)‏ • measurement of skinfold thickness at various sites on the body (e.g. at the back of the upper arm, tricep skinfold).

5. Portrait Parle • Literally means 'word picture' • Method of describing people verbally • Included in Bertillion's identification system • Foundation of present-day description of criminals and non-criminals

6. Will West and William West • 1903 • US Penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kansas • Almost exact Bertillion measurements

7. History of Fingerprint • Picture writing of a hand with ridge patterns was discovered in Nova Scotia. • In ancient Babylon, fingerprints were used on clay tablets for business transactions. • In ancient China, thumb prints were found on clay seals. They referred to it as Hua Chi (Ki and Io)‏ • In 14th century Persia, various official government papers had fingerprints (impressions), and one government official, a doctor, observed that no two fingerprints were exactly alike.

9. Nehemiah Grew • 1684 • Philosophical Transaction presented in Royal Society of London, England • Described the ridges and pores of the hands and feet

10. Govard Bidloo • Studied sweat pores and ridges

11. Marcelo Malpighi • Father of Dactyloscopy • 1686 • Professor at University of Bolognia, Italy • Written “De Externo Tactus Organo” • Discovery of Epidermis and Dermis layer • Malphigi layer

12. JCA Mayer • 1788 • Anatomiche Kuphertafeln • First to state that fingerprints are never duplicated in two persons

13. Johannes Purkinje • 1823 • Professor at University of Breslau, Germany • Established a classification system of fingerprints • Identified 9 type of patterns • Did not associate fingerprints with identification

14. Herman Welcker • Took his own fingerprint twice with a lapse of 41 years and showed the ridge formation remains the same

15. William Herschel • 1858 • Chief Magistrate of the Hooghly district in Jungipoor, India • First to advocate the use of fingerprints as substitute for signature among Indian natives to avoid impersonation • Based on superstition rather than personal identification • Rajyadhar Konai – local businessman, first person that Herschel took the palm print of

17. Henry Faulds • 1870's • British Surgeon-Superintendent of Tsukiji Hospital in Tokyo, Japan • Credited with first fingerprint identification of a greasy fingerprint left on an alcohol bottle • Took up the study of "skin-furrows" after noticing finger marks on specimens of "prehistoric" pottery • Published an article in the Scientific Journal, "Nature" • Fingerprint as means of personal identification • Use of printer's ink

18. Gilbert Thomson • 1882 • U.S. Geological Survey in New Mexico • Used his own thumb print on a document to prevent forgery • First known use of fingerprints in the United States

20. Mark Twain • 1883 • Samuel L. Clemens • Life of the Mississippi • a murderer was identified by the use of fingerprint identification • Pudd'n Head Wilson • there was a dramatic court trial on fingerprint identification

21. Francis Galton • 1888 • First classification system • Developed the Arch, Loop and Whorl patterns as general classification • Identified 9 types of patterns • First to establish a Civil Bureau of Personal Identification • Minutia or Galton details • Stated that the possibility of having two fingerprints alike is 1:64,000,000,000

22. Juan Vucetich • 1891 • Argentine Police Official, began the first fingerprint files based on Galton pattern types • System was accepted in most Spanish Speaking countries • At first, included fingerprint with the Bertillon System files • 1892 • First criminal fingerprint identification • Francis Rojas-murdered her two sons and cut her own throat (left a bloody mark at the post)‏

25. Haque and Bose • June 12, 1897 • Council of the Governor General of India approved a committee report that fingerprints should be used for classification of criminal records • Calcutta Anthropometric Bureau became the world's first Fingerprint Bureau • Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque and Rai Hem Chandra Bose • Indian fingerprint experts credited with primary development of the Henry System of fingerprint classification

26. Edward Richard Henry • Father of fingerprint • Developed the Henry System of Classification at Scotland Yard • Accepted by almost all English-speaking countries • Published book "The Classification and Use of Fingerprints"

27. Edmond Locard • 12 point system • Wrote that if 12 points (Galton's Details) were the same between two fingerprints, it would suffice as a positive identification