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Shannon Gibbs, Yuki Sei, Nathan Mitch

Mehu , M., Grammer , K., & Dunbar, R. (2007). Smiles when sharing. Evolution and Human Behavior , 28 , 415-422. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.010. Chicago/ Turabian : Author-Date. Shannon Gibbs, Yuki Sei, Nathan Mitch. Facial Expressions Have Purpose.

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Shannon Gibbs, Yuki Sei, Nathan Mitch

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  1. Mehu, M., Grammer, K., & Dunbar, R. (2007). Smiles when sharing. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 415-422. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.010.Chicago/Turabian: Author-Date Shannon Gibbs, Yuki Sei, Nathan Mitch

  2. Facial Expressions Have Purpose • Facial expressions play an important role in communication between members of a group • As social groups became more complex, facial expressions became more varied and nuanced. • Human smile and the silent bared-teeth (SBT) display • Attempt to keep others calm and cooperative? Mehu, M., Grammer, K., & Dunbar, R. (2007). Smiles when sharing. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 415-422. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.010. Chicago/Turabian: Author-Date

  3. Human Smile & The SBT Display

  4. Hypotheses • Duchenne smiles will be elicited when person has altruistic intentions • Duchenne smiles will increase during sharing • Duchenne smiles will cause recipient to feel more cooperative Mehu, M., Grammer, K., & Dunbar, R. (2007). Smiles when sharing. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 415-422. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.010. Chicago/Turabian: Author-Date

  5. Participants • 48 pairs of friends included in analysis • Between ages of 18 and 30 years old • Both mixed-sex and same-sex • Non-romantic and non-relatives Mehu, M., Grammer, K., & Dunbar, R. (2007). Smiles when sharing. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 415-422. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.010. Chicago/Turabian: Author-Date

  6. Measurements • Emotional State scales: anger, happiness, fear, sadness, surprise, disgust, and relaxedness • Disposition to Altruism • Altruism Scale • What proportion of salary would they give to a friend in need? • Smiling: coded into 4 categories • Duchenne, non-Duchenne, open, and closed Mehu, M., Grammer, K., & Dunbar, R. (2007). Smiles when sharing. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 415-422. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.010. Chicago/Turabian: Author-Date

  7. Non-Duchenne and Duchenne

  8. Procedure • Control condition: • P’s first taken into video-recorded room • Asked to discuss which pseudonyms they would like to use (e.g., David and Goliath) • Interaction involved discussion but not sharing • Experimental condition: • P’s returned to room • Told to share €40 • Interaction was filmed Mehu, M., Grammer, K., & Dunbar, R. (2007). Smiles when sharing. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 415-422. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.010. Chicago/Turabian: Author-Date

  9. Results • Researchers checked to see if the sex of the “smiler” or of the friend had any effect on smiling • No effects • Sharing condition lead to increase only in Duchenne and open smiles • Altruism: Higher amounts of Duchenne smiling associated with higher amounts of help offered to friend • Emotion: • Closed smiles  sadness • Duchenne smiles  increase in cooperativeness of friend Mehu, M., Grammer, K., & Dunbar, R. (2007). Smiles when sharing. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 415-422. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.010. Chicago/Turabian: Author-Date

  10. Implications • Duchenne smiles important when resources need to be shared • Duchenne smile is a reliable indicator that someone is genuinely willing to cooperate (remember: hard to fake) • Smiles don’t always say something about someone’s emotional state, but may be an attempt to influence the emotions are others Mehu, M., Grammer, K., & Dunbar, R. (2007). Smiles when sharing. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 415-422. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.010. Chicago/Turabian: Author-Date

  11. Criticism • Stamp of Approval • Coding system • Variety in measuring altruism • Check on emotions • Question marks: • What about in non-friend pairs? • What about in children? • What if opportunity to share was less explicit? Mehu, M., Grammer, K., & Dunbar, R. (2007). Smiles when sharing. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 415-422. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.010. Chicago/Turabian: Author-Date

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