Unit VI: The Renaissance, European Exploration, and the Tudors

1. Unit VI: The Renaissance, European Exploration, and the Tudors

2. Standard • SSWH9 The student will analyze change and continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation. • SSWH10 The student will analyze the impact of the age of discovery and expansion into the Americas, Africa, and Asia. • SSWH13 The student will examine the intellectual, political, social, and economic factors that changed the world view of Europeans.

3. Learning Objectives • A. Explain the social, economic, and political changes that contributed to the rise of Florence and the ideas of Machiavelli. • B. Identify artistic and scientific achievements of Leonardo da Vinci, the “Renaissance man,” and Michelangelo. • C. Explain the main characteristics of humanism; include the ideas of Petrarch, Dante, and Erasmus. • D. Analyze the impact of the Protestant Reformation; include the ideas of Martin Luther and John Calvin. • E. Describe the Counter Reformation at the Council of Trent and the role of the Jesuits. • F. Describe the English Reformation and the role of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. • G. Explain the importance of Gutenberg and the invention of the printing press.

4. Learning Objectives • H. Explain the roles of explorers and conquistadors; include ZhengHe, Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, James Cook, and Samuel de Champlain. • I.Define the Columbian Exchange and its global economic and cultural impact. • J.Explain the role of improved technology in European exploration; include the astrolabe.

5. Learning Objectives • K. Explain the scientific contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton and how these ideas changed the European world view. • L. Identify the major ideas of the Enlightenment from the writings of Locke, Voltaire, and Rousseau and their relationship to politics and society.

6. Essential Question • In what ways did a difference in attitudes lead to the revival or the rebirth of Europe? • How was this change evident in society?

7. Geography

8. The Renaissance • A renewed interest in Greek and Roman literature would awaken in Italy. • The Crusades and trade with Africa and Southwest Asia introduced new ideas and brought Italians into contact with the Byzantine civilization. • Arab and African developments in such disciplines as medicine and science fired the curiosity of many Italian scholars.

9. The Renaissance • Italian cities such as Florence, Rome, Venice, Milan, and Naples had grown rich through trade and industry. • Italian scholars stressed the study of grammar, rhetoric, history, and poetry using classical Greek text.

10. Niccolo Machiavelli • He was the father of modern political theory. • Machiavelli gained a reputation with the writing of “The Prince”(1532). • Famous quote: “The end justifies the means.”

11. Humanism • By examining manuscripts written in Greek and Latin, humanist displayed a critical approach to learning. • Humanist believed that it is important to know how things work. • They emphasized education, a person living a meaningful life, becoming actively involved in practical affairs, and human achievement.

12. Francesco Petrarch • One of the first humanist that became famous as a scholar and as a teacher. • He battled with the juggling of both his commitment to the study of the ancients and his commitment to Christianity.

13. Dante Alighieri • He is an Italian writer whose greatest work was the The Divine Comedy. • The story tells of a pilgrimage to the three realms where Christian souls can go after death – hell, purgatory, and paradise.

14. Desiderius Erasmus • He is an Italian humanist who criticized the church’s lack of spirituality. • His book The Praise of Folly, ridiculed ignorance, superstition, and vice among Christians. • He also criticized fasting, pilgrimages to religious shrines, and even the church’s interpretation of parts of the bible.

15. Leonardo da Vinci • Leonardo is also referred to as the “Renaissance Man” because he was able to excel in a wide variety areas. • He was a painter, sculptor, engineer, architect, and scientist. • He created the mural of The Last Supper and his famous painting of Mona Lisa.

17. Michelangelo Buonarroti • Almost as versatile as Leonardo, Michelangelo was a painter, sculptor, poet, and architect. • He painted the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican and sculpted biblical figures of David and Moses out of stone.

19. Raphael • He became so popular that he was hired by the pope to help beautify the Vatican by painting frescoes in the papal chambers. • His famous paintings included exquisite Madonna's of the Virgin Mary.

21. Donatello • He was an early Renaissance Italian painter and sculptor. • He is known for his work in bas-relief, a form of shallow relief sculpture. • He created the famous colossal seated figure of Saint John the Evangelist.

23. Reformation • Humanist suggested that the Roman Catholic Church had lost sight of the spiritual mission proclaimed by Jesus Christ. • They said the pope acted like political leaders and warriors. • They said the priest engaged in vice and misconduct. • The humanist claimed that the church seemed more interested in its income than in saving souls. Thus, the Reformation is born.

24. Martin Luther • Martin Luther found that the church’s methods for overcoming sin gave him no comfort. • The only thing that counted, Luther felt, was an inner faith in God. • Luther was surprised by the widespread impact of his ideas and broke away from the church. • The followers of Luther and all later reformers came to be called Protestants.

25. King Henry VIII • King Henry VIII was given the title of Defender of the Faith by the pope for his defense against Lutheranism. • King Henry VIII’s break from the Catholic Church was a political move and had little to do with religious doctrine.

26. King Henry VIII • England’s break with Rome took place because Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon, for not producing a male heir to the throne. • Henry and Catherine had a daughter name Mary. • King Henry got rid of Catherine in order to wed Anne Boleyn. • Pope Clement VII refused to dissolve Henry’s marriage. • England withdrew from the Catholic Church and Henry created the Church of England or the Anglican Church.

27. King Henry VIII • The King married six times. • Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn had a daughter named Elizabeth. • Henry declared that his marriage had been the product of witchcraft and having sex with her brother George. Anne was sentence to death by execution. • The King's new mistress, Jane Seymour, was quickly moved into new quarters. • Jane gave birth to a son, Prince Edward. The birth was difficult and the queen died.

28. King Henry VIII • King Henry’s last wife Catherine Parr helped reconcile Henry with his first two daughters, the Lady Mary and the Lady Elizabeth. In 1544, an Act of Parliament put the daughters back in the line of succession after Edward, Prince of Wales, though they were still deemed illegitimate.

29. John Calvin • John Calvin was a French Protestant who carried on the work of the Reformation in Switzerland. • Calvin retained Luther’s reliance on faith and on the Bible. • He added the emphasis on belief that God had decided at the beginning of time who would be saved, a belief known as predestination.

30. Counter – Reformation • Pope Paul III knew that no counter attack against Protestants would be possible unless Catholic doctrines were well defined. • Pope Paul summoned church leaders to the Italian city of Trent. • The Council of Trent defined official church doctrine with the same precision Calvin had used to define his faith.

31. Counter – Reformation • The Catholic Church emphasized the need for ceremonies, arguing that God ought to be worshipped with pomp and splendor. • It noted that the people must depend on priests because God granted forgiveness only through the church. • The council stressed that a person’s fate after death depended on ceremonial church actions. • Ignatius de Loyola founded the Jesuits and organized them like a military. • The Jesuits helped spread Catholicism.

32. Gutenberg Printing Press • The invention of printing is credited to Johannes Gutenberg in 1450. • Gutenberg, a goldsmith by profession, developed a printing system by both adapting existing technologies and making inventions of his own. • His newly devised hand mount made possible the rapid creation of metal movable type in large quantities. • The printing press led to the first assembly line-style mass production of books.

33. The Scientific Revolution • Copernicus, Kepler, & Galileo became pioneers of modern astronomy, physics, and anatomy. • Copernicus developed the heliocentric theory. It stated that the sun is the center of the universe. • Kepler discovered that the orbits were not exact circles, they were called ellipses. • Galileo provided concrete evidence that Earth revolves around the Sun.

34. Isaac Newton • Isaac Newton contributed to the early success of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo by thoroughly explaining how the planets revolved around the Sun. • Newton introduced the laws of motion and universal gravitation.

35. John Locke • John Locke, an English writer of philosophy and political thought, believed that people have certain rights that the state should protect. • He believed that people had the right to live, to enjoy liberty, and to own property. • He also believed that people have a right to overthrow a ruler who violated the people’s rights.

36. John Locke

37. New Technology • Map-making improved during the Renaissance. Scholars believed that the world was round and they had maps of Europe, Africa, and Asia. • Navigation instruments like the compass and the astrolabe were created which made calculating latitude much easier. • New ships, cannons, and standardized money also developed during the Renaissance.

38. The Age of Discovery • Joint-stock companies developed which allowed shareholders to invest in their companies. A shareholder’s investment allowed these companies to fund overseas exploration. • The economic theory of mercantilism developed which included the development of colonies for a particular country in other parts of the world.

39. Social Change • After 1500, Europe experienced a population growth. Urban areas became very crowded. • Adventurous people hoped that settling overseas would give them a fresh start and a better life. • Some people went to the colonies hoping to reap quick profits. Tales of gold and jewels, of fabulous cities, and fertile soil persuaded thousands that easy wealth laid overseas.

40. Prince Henry • Prince Henry was also known as the Navigator. • Henry was very interested in exploration and wanted to acquire gold for Portugal. • Prince Henry is thought to have started a school of sailing and navigation.

41. Christopher Columbus • Columbus was a Spaniard who believed that he could reach Asia by sailing westward. • He set sail with three small ships – the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria across the Atlantic. “Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492.” • Columbus landed on a island that he named San Salvador. He later called the area the Indies.

42. Vespucci, Balboa, & Magellan • Amerigo Vespucci was a navigator who discovered a New World. In Latin, Amerigo meansAmericus. Hence, this New World was later named America after Amerigo. • A Spaniard named Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and reached a vast ocean he called the South Sea. • Ferdinand Magellan crossed the Atlantic to South America and sailed along the shore until he reached the southernmost tip. He reached the South Sea, but called it the Pacific Ocean meaning peaceful.

43. Champlain, Cook, da Gama & Zheng He • Samuel de Champlain was a French explorer that discovered Quebec City in Canada. • James Cook achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands. • Vasco da Gama in 1497 sailed beyond the Cape of Good Hope eastward landing in India. • Zheng He commanded voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, Somalia and the Swahili coast.

44. Samuel da Champlain James Cook Vasco da Gama Ferdinand Magellan Zheng He Amerigo Vespucci

45. The Slave Trade

46. The Slave Trade • The slave trade grew very gradually when the Portuguese set up sugar plantations on islands off the coast of west-central Africa. • To operate efficiently and profitably, these plantations required large numbers of slaves. • By the early 1600s, the slave trade served as the chief purpose of European relations with Africa.

47. Triangular Trade • In the first stage of the system, merchants shipped cotton goods, weapons, and liquor to Africa in exchange for slaves or gold. • The second stage – Middle Passage - was the shipment of slaves across the Atlantic to the Americas. • The finally stage consisted of merchants sending the plantations’ products to Europe, where they were used to buy manufactured products sold in the Americas.

48. Triangular Trade

49. The Middle Passage

50. The Middle Passage • The Middle Passage had a brutal and dehumanizing effect on all involved. • The traders chained the slaves in the overcrowded hold of the ship to prevent them from jumping overboard or organizing a rebellion on the ship. • European slave’s ships carried an average of about 60,000 slaves each year.