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Japanese Morphology

Japanese Morphology. Japanese Lexicon. Native vocabulary Yamato kotoba/Wago 大和言葉 / 和語 Sino-Japanese Kango 　漢語 Foreign 外来語 Mimetic 擬声語、擬態語. Word 単語 and Morpheme 形態素. Word 　単語（たんご） Ex. 虎の子（とらのこ） Morpheme 　形態素（けいたいそ） 手抜き　（て＋ぬき） 楽しさ　（たのし＋さ）

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Japanese Morphology

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  1. Japanese Morphology

  2. Japanese Lexicon • Native vocabulary • Yamato kotoba/Wago 大和言葉/和語 • Sino-Japanese • Kango　漢語 • Foreign • 外来語 • Mimetic • 擬声語、擬態語

  3. Word 単語 and Morpheme 形態素 • Word　単語（たんご） • Ex. 虎の子（とらのこ） • Morpheme　形態素（けいたいそ） • 手抜き　（て＋ぬき） • 楽しさ　（たのし＋さ） • Free morpheme　自立形態素　（じりつけいたいそ）　＝　「手、抜き、楽し」 • Bound morpheme　従属的形態素　 （じゅうぞくてきけいたいそ）　＝　「さ」

  4. Analyze the following units: • （1）砂あそび、（2）砂、（3）すわりこむ、 • （4）名古屋発、（5）読まない、（6）ビー玉、 • 異形態　（いけいたい） • 船　　船足　　船幽霊 • 単純語　（たんじゅんご） • 手、朝、しかし

  5. Word Structure　語の構成（こうせい） • Cannot be divided into smaller meaningful units • 形態素 • 単純語 • Can be divided into smaller meaningful units • 派生語　（はせいご） • 複合語　（ふくごうご） • 活用　（かつよう）

  6. Derivation　派生 • change meaning or category • Base 語基（ごき） and Affix 接辞（せつじ） • Ex: hada ‘skin’ + su ‘bare’ = su-hada • kak ‘write’ + -(i)ta ‘want to’ = kakitai • hiro ‘wide’ + -sa = width

  7. Inflection • variants of the same word • Ex: tabe ‘eat’ + ru = taberu • tabe + ta = tabeta • ooki ‘big’ + i = ookii • ooki + katta = ookikatta

  8. AFFIXATION • Prefixation　接頭辞（せっとうじ） • mu ‘none’ + kansin ‘interest’ = mukansin • Suffixation　接尾辞（せつびじ） • hanasite‘speaker’ = hanas + te

  9. COMPOUNDING • Compound words 複合語（ふくごうご） • Native Compounds • aki + sora = akizora ‘autumn sky’ • SJ Compounds • ki + soku = kisoku ‘rule’ • Hybrid Compounds • dai + tokoro = daidokoro ‘kitchen’ • garasu + mado = garasumado ‘glass window’

  10. COMPOUNDING • 刺し身→さし(stab)＋み（body) • 本棚→ほん(book)＋たな(shelf) • Head　主要部（しゅようぶ）=right element • Compare: 水汲み（みずく） with 汲み水；　汲む means pump (v) • Analyze: 映画音楽　and　音楽映画

  11. Compound Verbs • Sentence level • 歩き続ける • Vocabulary level • 押しつける • (1)つっこむ、(2)まよいこむ、(3)むきあう、 • (4)たべはじめる、(5)みすてる、(6)ふりつもる

  12. Word Formation • Affixation • Compounding • Reduplication • Clipping • Borrowing

  13. Parts of Speech　品詞（ひんし） • Noun　名詞（めいし） • Verb 　動詞（どうし） • Adjective　形容詞（けいようし） • Adverb　副詞（ふくし） • Postposition　助詞（じょし） • Case Particle　格助詞（かくじょし） • Adjectival Noun　形容動詞（けいようどうし） • Verbal Noun　動名詞（どうめいし）

  14. NOUNS　名詞 • co-occur with demonstratives　指示語（しじご） • can take noun modifiers which take the particle の • can be linked using と • associated with a conjugational paradigm

  15. VERBS　動詞 • conjugational endings 活用（かつよう） • nozum • nozomu • nozomanai • nozonde • nozomoo • nozomeba

  16. ADJECTIVES　形容詞 • conjugational endings　活用 • fusawashi • fusawashii • fusawashikunai • fusawashikatta • fusawashikunakatta

  17. ADVERBS　副詞 • derived from adjectives • tooku, atatakaku • totemo, zettai

  18. POSTPOSITIONS　助詞 • cannot stand independently; placed after nouns • で、へ、と、まで、から

  19. CASE PARTICLES　格助詞 • Nominative が • Accusative を • Dative に • Genitive の

  20. ADJECTIVAL NOUN　形容動詞 • 形容動詞 ‘adjectival verb’; ‘nominal adjectives’ • have characteristics both of adjectives and nouns • modify the nouns that follow them • can be modified by adverbs • take the copula verb, unlike the regular adjectives

  21. 形容動詞 • cannot possess the grammatical functions of subject, object, etc. • can be nominalized by the derivational affix –sa • cannot take the derivational suffix –rashii that generates adjectives from nouns • loan words modifying nouns tend to belong to this category

  22. VERBAL NOUN　動名詞 • many come from Sino-Japanese compounds • can occur with demonstratives • require the dummy verb する in the predicate function • can function as subject or object

  23. Additional 品詞 • 形式名詞　（けいしきめいし） • こと、はず、わけ、もの • 連体詞　（れんたいし） • あの、いわゆる、大きな • 接続詞　（せつぞくし） • また、そして、ところが • 感動詞　（かんどうし） • まあ、はい、うん • 助動詞　（じょどうし） • られる、ようだ、だろう、

  24. Assignment • 問題1 Compare and analyze the forms ｢通(とお)り道(みち)｣ and ｢通(とお)る道(みち)｣ at the word level. Also, examine any change in the pronunciation of each term. • 問題2 How would you differentiate ｢関西(かんさい)の方言(ほうげん)｣ and ｢関西(かんさい)方言(ほうげん)｣?

  25. 問題3 Analyze the structure of the following words: 走(はし)り方(かた)、スキー幅(ぼう)、お水(みず)取(と)り、 　　おむつ換(か)え、毛生(けは)え薬(くすり) • 問題4 List 5 examples of affix which changes the category of the word/meaning of the word. For each affix, provide 2 derived words.

  26. 問題5 The affix ｢御(お)｣ has two allomorphs: ご and を. State the condition/s for the occurrence each allomorph. • 問題6 Consider the forms 遊(あそ)び方(かた) and 遊(あそ)び用(よう). Both are grammatical. However, if you combine these forms with 水(みず), you will have a grammatical 水(みず)遊(あそ)び用(よう) but *水(みず)遊(あそ)び方(かた) is ungrammatical. Find the difference in the usage of 方(かた) and 用(よう). What feature/s of words can you combine with these forms? Provide examples.

  27. 問題7 In the clause ｢水槽(すいそう)中にプランクトンがいる｣, there is a difference in meaning if you read 中 as ちゅう or じゅう. Identify the difference. If possible, provide other derived words for each reading of 中. • 問題8 Compare and analyze the forms ｢押(お)し始(はじ)める｣ and ｢押(お)し付(つ)ける｣.

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