Rebirth and Revolution: Nation-Building in East Asia and the Pacific Rim

1. Rebirth and Revolution: Nation-Building in East Asia and the Pacific Rim 35

2. Figure 35.1 Mass demonstrations, such as the one in the photo that was staged in front of the Gate of Heavenly Peace in Beijing at the height of the Cultural Revolution in the mid-1960s, showed both the participants' adulation of Mao Zedong and their capacity to intimidate his political rivals.

3. Chapter Overview • East Asia in the Postwar Settlements • The Pacific Rim: More Japans? • Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution • Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam

4. TIMELINE 1940 C.E. to 1970 C.E.

5. East Asia in the Postwar Settlements • Taiwan restored to China • Japanese Recovery • American occupation • Ends, 1952 • Democratization • Women get the vote • Unions encouraged • Shintoism disestablished

6. Map 35.1 The Pacific Rim Area by 1960Geographic locations and political systems created new contacts and alignments.

7. East Asia in the Postwar Settlements • Japanese Recovery • Democratization • Land redistribution • New constitution • Modified, 1963 • Liberal Democratic Party, 1955

8. East Asia in the Postwar Settlements • Korea: Intervention and War • American zone • Republic of Korea • Russian zone • People's Democratic Republic of Korea • North • Communist • Kim Il-Sung, to 1994

9. East Asia in the Postwar Settlements • Korea: Intervention and War • South • Syngman Rhee • Parliamentary government • North invades South, 1950 • U.S. leads UN effort • China supports North • 1953, armistice

10. Figure 35.2 The internationalization of the civil conflict between the regimes of North and South Korea in the late 1940s led to the flight of hundreds of thousands of refugees from one region to another. As this photo so starkly portrays, these migrations often occurred in the harsh winter season when many of those in flight died of the cold and hunger.

11. East Asia in the Postwar Settlements • Emerging Stability in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore • Chinese occupation • Chiang Kai-shek • Taiwan • Guomindang retreats to Taiwan • U.S. Support

12. East Asia in the Postwar Settlements • Emerging Stability in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore • Hong Kong • British colony • Chinese control, 1997 • Singapore • Independence, 1965

13. East Asia in the Postwar Settlements • Japan, Incorporated: A Distinctive Political and Cultural Style • Liberal Democrat Party, 1955–1993 • Corruption raises questions • Economic progress

14. East Asia in the Postwar Settlements • Post-War Politics and Culture • Cultural continuity • State-sponsored discipline • Hiraoka Kimitoke • Nationalist • Ritual suicide in 1970

15. Figure 35.3 The blending of ancient Japanese culture (kimonos) and modern consumer goods (cellphones, backpacks, and thermoses) is evident in this photo of three young women dressed for an evening out on the town.

16. East Asia in the Postwar Settlements • The Economic Surge: Japan Challenges the Superpowers for Economic Supremacy • Company unions • Cooperation between management, labor • Women • Traditional attitudes

17. Figure 35.4 Tokyo at night at the beginning of the 21st century epitomizes the resurgence of Asian economies following World War II.

18. East Asia in the Postwar Settlements • The Economic Surge: Japan Challenges the Superpowers for Economic Supremacy • Popular culture • Western influence • Political change

19. The Pacific Rim: More Japans? • Park Chung-hee, 1961–1979 • Development from the Top Down • South Korea • Military loses power • More open press, political action • New companies • Hyundai

20. Figure 35.5 As this photo of an ultramodern skyscraper in Hong Kong amply illustrates, some of the most innovative architecture of the age of globalization can be found in the great commercial centers along the Pacific Rim. The region also boasts one of the world's tallest buildings, a twin-tower office complex in the Malaysian capital of Kuala Lumpur.

21. The Pacific Rim: More Japans? • Advances in Taiwan and the City-States • Taiwan • Rapid economic growth • More contact with China, other neighbors • Death of Chiang Kai-shek, 1978 • Chiang Ching-kuo • Gap narrows between China and Taiwan

22. The Pacific Rim: More Japans? • Advances in Taiwan and the City-States • Singapore • Similar to Taiwan • Lee Kuan Yew • Authoritarian rule • Returned to China, 1997

23. Figure 35.6 Hyundai loading dock for export to the United States.

24. The Pacific Rim: More Japans? • Common Themes and New Problems • Common culture • Group loyalty stronger than individualism • Confucianism important in economic development • Benefit from Japanese influence • Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia follow

25. Visualing the PastPacific Rim GrowthIndices of Growth and Change in the Pacific Rim: Gross National Product (GNP) 1965–1996 pt 1

26. Visualing the PastPacific Rim GrowthIndices of Growth and Change in the Pacific Rim: Gross National Product (GNP) 1965–1996 pt 2

27. The Pacific Rim as a U.S. Policy Issue • U.S.'s active promotion of economic growth to discourage communism • Not eager to relinquish military superiority • Difficulty to accept Asian competition • No clear change in policy • Pacific Rim's challenges • How much to Westernize • How to express pride amidst Western achievement

28. Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution • Chiang Kai-shek • Japanese invasion • Allies with Communists • Guomindang's position lessened • Partly due to military defeat

29. Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution • Chiang Kai-shek • Communism popular • Mao gaining power by 1945 • People's Republic of China • Defeat of Japan, 1949 • Communists ascendant

30. Map 35.2 China in the Years of Japanese Occupation and Civil War, 1931–1949The Chinese political map changed radically and often in the 1930s and 1940s due to civil wars and foreign invasions.

31. Figure 35.7 This propaganda poster features Mao Zedong as the friend and father of the people. Soldiers, peasants, women, children, and peoples from the many regions of China are pictured here joyously rallying to Mao's vision of a strong, just, and prosperous China.

32. Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution • The Communists Come to Power • Party cadres • People's Liberation Army • Secession movements • Inner Mongolia, Tibet • Korean War • China supports division • Vietnam • Support liberation

33. Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution • The Communists Come to Power • Alliance with Soviet Union • Collapses by late 1950s • Border disputes • Post-Stalin changes • War with India

34. Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution • Planning for Economic Growth and Social Justice • Land reform • First five-year plan, 1953 • Mass Line approach, 1955 • Agricultural cooperatives • Farming through collectives from 1956 • Purge of intellectuals, 1957

35. Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution • The Great Leap Backward • The Great Leap Forward, 1958 • Based on peasant communes • Peasants uncooperative • Famine • Ended by 1960 • Mao no longer state chairman • Still head of Central Committee • Replaced by pragmatists • Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping

36. Figure 35.8 The famous backyard steel furnaces became a symbol of China's failed drive for self-sufficiency during the disastrous "Great Leap Forward" of the late 1950s.

37. Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution • "Women Hold Up Half of the Heavens" • Mao and Jiang Qing • Guomindang • Not supportive of women's rights • Communist promising • Legal equalilty • Work outside the home • Opportunities increase

38. Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution • Mao's Last Campaign and the Fall of the Gang of Four • Cultural Revolution, 1965 • Red Guard • Zhou Enlai put into seclusion • Liu Shaoqi killed • Deng Xiaoping emprisoned • Ended, 1968

39. Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution • Mao's Last Campaign and the Fall of the Gang of Four • Gang of Four • Jiang Qing • Opposed by Deng • Defeated by pragmatists • Imprisoned • Pragmatists • More open to West, capitalism

40. Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam • French • Interest since 1600s • Hope to convert to Catholicism • Tayson peasant rebellion, 1770s • Nguyen, Trinh dynasties out • French back Nguyen Anh (Gia Long) • Unification by 1802 • New capital at Hue

41. Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam • Minh Mang • Persecution of Vietnamese Catholics • French intervene, 1840s • Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos taken over by 1890s • Nguyen as puppets • French takeover • Discredits emperor, bureaucracy, Confucianism

42. Map 35.3 Vietnam: Divisions in the Nguyen and French PeriodsWithin decades of the unification of Vietnam under the Nguyen dynasty it was conquered piecemeal and again divided politically by French colonizers.

43. Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam • Vietnamese Nationalism: Bourgeois Dead Ends and Communist Survival • French influence • Western-educated middle class • Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDD) • From 1920s • Repressed, 1929

44. Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam • Vietnamese Nationalism: Bourgeois Dead Ends and Communist Survival • Communist Party of Vietnam as the focus of resistance • Crushed by French • Aided by Comintern • Ho Chi Minh • Japan occupies Vietnam, 1941

45. Map 35.4 North and South VietnamVietnam was arbitrarily divided at the 17th parallel in 1954 due to the pressure of the great powers and over the objection of the Vietnamese communists who had led the war of liberation against the French.

46. Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam • The War of Liberation against the French • Viet Minh • Communist-dominated resistance • Vo Nguyen Giap • Proclaims independence, 1945 • Only in North • War • French defeated at Dien Bien Phu, 1954 • Geneva conference promises elections

47. Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam • The War of Liberation against the United States • Communists v. United States • South • Ngo Dinh Diem, president • Fights communists (Viet Cong) • North • Supports Viet Cong

48. Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam • The War of Liberation against the United States • Communists v. United States • United States • Supports military overthrow of Diem • Withdraws, 1970s • Communists • Take South Vietnam

49. Figure 35.9 April 30, 1975. As the victorious Viet Cong entered Saigon, a photographer captured the image of a lone woman hurrying along a road strewn with uniforms abandoned by former South Vietnamese soldiers fearful of being identified as having fought on the losing side.

50. Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam • After Victory: Salvaging Communism in an Era of Globalization • Difficulties • U.S. blocks international aid • Reprisals • Economy more open in 1980s • Better relations with U.S.