hist

1. Hist�ria Contempor�nia B LATINOAM�RICA Y LA CONSOLIDACI�N CA�TICA DE LA FORMA REPUBLICANA DE GOBIERNO / ESTADO

2. Escribir en el espejo de la historia... El sue�o de ser un �Napole�n de Am�rica�

3. El general�simo Sim�nBOLIVAR(1783-1830 Retrato en Lima, 1825

4. El paso a las Provincias Unidas La banderas de la revuelta bolivariana La bandera tricolor del alzamiento; La de libertad o muerte, a deg�ello; Las de la federaci�n/ confederaci�n

5. ProvinciasUnidasde laConfederaci�n de Venezuela, 1810

6. La Gran Colombia, 1821 El sue�o bolivariano de un marco Estado imperial: Y una Corona?

7. San Mart�n El general Libertador de la Argentina

8. Uni�n y Libertad 4 Reales, Provincias Unidas del R�o de la Plata, 1813

9. ACTA DE LA INDEPENDENCIA DE LAS�PROVINCIAS UNIDAS EN SUD-AMERICA Tucum�n, 21 julio 1816 Fue firmada por todos los congresales que declararon la Independencia. Se tradujo al quechua y al aymar� para que la conocieran las poblaciones ind�genas.

10. El acta de Tucum�n en espa�ol y aymara

11. La fecha simb�lica argentina Tucum�n, 21 julio 1816

12. Provincias Unidas del R�o de la Plata v

13. La causa leal o realista Moneda de Fernando VII acu�ada en Potos�, 1823; Boves �el Urogallo�

14. La visi�n nacionalista actual Una visi�n retrospectiva que corrige los <errores> del pasado

15. Federalismo = la voz del localismo interiorUnitarismo = la voz de las ciudadesRealismo = la voz de algunos perdedores con el cambio UNA INTERACCI�N MUY COMPLICADA

16. Las decisivas campa�as La contienda entre independentistas y realistas se resolvi� de forma decisiva en el terreno andino

17. General Bernardo O�Higgins, libertador de Chile EL ABRAZO DE MAIPU (05 DE ABRIL DE 1818) el abrazo de Maip�, donde Bernardo O'Higgins le dice a San Mart�n �Glor�a al salvador de Chile! y San Mart�n le responde General: Chile no olvidar� al ilustre inv�lido que se presenta herido en el campo de batalla

18. Almirante Cochrane Hay h�roes ingleses de la independencia

19. La complejidad del juego criollo El Ej�rcito Libertador desembarc� por la bah�a de Paracas el 8 de setiembre de 1820. Inmediatamente las tropas se movilizaron hacia Pisco donde asentaron su cuartel general. San Mart�n recibi� la propuesta del virrey Joaqu�n de Pezuela para negociar una soluci�n pac�fica. Los representantes de ambos jefes se reunieron en la hist�rica Conferencia de Miraflores. La propuesta sanmartiniana fue proclamar la independencia del Per� para implantar una monarqu�a constitucional; mientras que la propuesta del Virrey fue el retiro de las fuerzas invasoras y el acatamiento de la Constituci�n de C�diz que hab�a vuelto a tener vigencia en Espa�a.

20. Bandera de Pisco

21. Bol�var y San Mart�nSan Mart�n se dirigi� entonces a Sim�n Bol�var, apremi�ndole: "Procurad proteger a este desgraciado pa�s. Vos s�lo, Bol�var, sois capaz de curarle esa locura en que se obstinan�Ambos jefes se encontraron en Guayaquil en una conferencia en verano de 1822

22. General Manuel Belgrano 1770-1820 El h�roe nacional argentino

23. La religiosidad tradicional sigue teniendo su funcionalidad en un marco de �masones� El Gral. Manuel Belgrano entrega el Bast�n de Mando a Santa Mar�a de las Mercedes,�tras la Batalla de Tucum�n, el 24 de Septiembre de 1812

24. El general Jos� Antonio Sucre El lugarteniente de Bol�var

25. TODOS SON MILITARES EMPEZ� CON DOS CURAS, CONVERTIDOS EN GUERREROS, Y ACAB� EN EL M�S ABSOLUTO CAUDILLISMO

26. Noy hay un tejido social interactivo suficiente para dar paso a los abogados, ni mucho menos a los comerciantes El racismo y las castas imposibilitan el desarrollo de una sociedad civil que no esa la antigua Iglesia cat�lica, protectora de los Indios (mucho menos de los negros)

27. CON MILITARES DEVINDOS CAUDILLOS LA V�A SER� LA ESTADOLATR�A Referencia de toda la vida pol�tica hispanoamericana hasta hoy

28. James Monroe y su �Doctrina� (1823):NO al intervencionismo europeo en las Am�ricas, lo que deja sitio para intervencionismo local Retrato por Clyde O. de Land

29. La �Doctrina Monroe� In the discussions to which this interest has given rise and in the arrangements by which they may terminate the occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.

30. Miremos la descripci�n de Monroe

31. It was stated at the commencement of the last session that a great effort was then making in Spain and Portugal to improve the condition of the people of those countries, and that it appeared to be conducted with extraordinary moderation. It need scarcely be remarked that the results have been so far very different from what was then anticipated. Of events in that quarter of the globe, with which we have so much intercourse and from which we derive our origin, we have always been anxious and interested spectators. The citizens of the United States cherish sentiments the most friendly in favor of the liberty and happiness of their fellow-men on that side of the Atlantic. In the wars of the European powers in matters relating to themselves we have never taken any part, nor does it comport with our policy to do so. It is only when our rights are invaded or seriously menaced that we resent injuries or make preparation for our defense.

32. Sigue... With the movements in this hemisphere we are of necessity more immediately connected, and by causes which must be obvious to all enlightened and impartial observers. The political system of the allied powers is essentially different in this respect from that of America. This difference proceeds from that which exists in their respective Governments; and to the defense of our own, which has been achieved by the loss of so much blood and treasure, and matured by the wisdom of their most enlightened citizens, and under which we have enjoyed unexampled felicity, this whole nation is devoted. We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.

33. Y continua The late events in Spain and Portugal shew that Europe is still unsettled. Of this important fact no stronger proof can be adduced than that the allied powers should have thought it proper, on any principle satisfactory to themselves, to have interposed by force in the internal concerns of Spain. To what extent such interposition may be carried, on the same principle, is a question in which all independent powers whose governments differ from theirs are interested, even those most remote, and surely none of them more so than the United States.

34. Una respuesta que se escuda en la contradicci�n: cuenta con la flota brit�nica, enemiga de USA Our policy in regard to Europe, which was adopted at an early stage of the wars which have so long agitated that quarter of the globe, nevertheless remains the same, which is, not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its powers; to consider the government de facto as the legitimate government for us; to cultivate friendly relations with it, and to preserve those relations by a frank, firm, and manly policy, meeting in all instances the just claims of every power, submitting to injuries from none. But in regard to those continents circumstances are eminently and conspicuously different. It is impossible that the allied powers should extend their political system to any portion of either continent without endangering our peace and happiness; nor can anyone believe that our southern brethren, if left to themselves, would adopt it of their own accord. It is equally impossible, therefore, that we should behold such interposition in any form with indifference. If we look to the comparative strength and resources of Spain and those new Governments, and their distance from each other, it must be obvious that she can never subdue them. It is still the true policy of the United States to leave the parties to themselves, in hope that other powers will pursue the same course.

35. Para culminar With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the Governments who have declared their independence and maintain it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States. In the war between those new Governments and Spain we declared our neutrality at the time of their recognition, and to this we have adhered, and shall continue to adhere, provided no change shall occur which, in the judgement of the competent authorities of this Government, shall make a corresponding change on the part of the United States indispensable to their security.

36. La batalla de Ayacucho, 1824 Batalla de Ayacucho. 9/Dic./1824. El Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho Antonio Jos� de Sucre Ese d�a �...los �ltimos restos del poder espa�ol en Am�rica han expirado en este campo afortunado....�

37. LAS REVOLUCIONES ATL�NTICAS NORTE Y SUR UNA DIFERENCIA CRUCIAL ENTRE LO QUE FUNCIONA Y LO QUE NO FUNCIONA ENTRE LA ESTABILIDAD CONSTITUCIONAL Y LAS GUERRAS CIVILES SEMPITERNAS

38. LAS REVOLUCIONES ATL�NTICAS NORTE Y SUR EL JUEGO AMERICANO>>>>FRANC�S Y, POR EXTENSI�N, EUROPEO OCCIDENTAL NO PUEDE PASAR AL MUNDO DEL ATL�NTICO SUR, POR FALTA DE TEJIDO SOCIAL NUTRITIVO EL RADICALISMO RET�RICO �Y EL CAUDILLISMO- SE MANTIENE COMO �NICO DISCURSO, HASTA HOY

39. Lo que hay en com�n es negativo LA NECESIDAD DE RESOLVER POR LAS ARMAS UNA CONCEPCI�N �FEDERAL� (EN VERDAD, CONFEDERAL) CONTRA UN PODER CENTRAL S�LIDO

40. La ventaja hispanoamericana La tendencia legal a la abolici�n de la esclavitud, m�s all� de la prohibici�n del tr�fico

41. Los antecedentes en el Antiguo R�gimen: inicativas perif�ricas 1588 Polish�Lithuanian Commonwealth abolishes slavery 1723 Russia abolishes slavery 1761, 12 February, Portugal abolishes slavery in mainland Portugal and in Portuguese possessions in India through a decree by the Marquis of Pombal. 1772 Practice of slavery declared illegal in England, this included the status of overseas slaves living in England. Lord Chief Justice Mansfield rules that English law does not support slavery 1777 Slavery abolished in Madeira, Portugal 1777 Slavery abolished in Vermont Republic (aliada de los �contientales�, pero no uno de los Estados) 1783 Russia abolishes slavery in Crimean Khanate 1783 Massachusetts rules slavery illegal based on 1780 constitution 1783 Bukovina: Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor issued an order abolishing slavery on 19 June 1783 in Czernowitz (Wiki)

42. La Revoluci�n francesa: contradictoria 1787 Sierra Leone founded by Britain as colony for emancipated slaves 1787 Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade founded in Britain 1788 regulating the conditions on British slave ships enacted 1792 Denmark-Norway declared transatlantic slave trade illegal after 1802 (though slavery continues to 1848). 1793 Upper Canada, by Act Against Slavery 1794 French First Republic abolishes slavery 1799 New York State introduces gradual emancipation 1799 in Scotland, by an act of the Parliament of Great Britain 1802 The emperor Napoleon re-introduces slavery on French colonies growing sugarcane. 1803 Denmark-Norway abolishes transatlantic slave trade on 1 January 1803 1803 Lower Canada abolishes slavery 1804 Haiti declares independence and abolishes slavery

43. Abolici�n de la TRATA The Official Medallion of the British Anti-Slavery Society, 1795 Design by Josiah Wedgwood (1730-1795) and either William Hackwood or Henry Webber Empresario y protestante disidente radical

44. ABOLITIONISM BRIT�NIC: �emancipadoes�

45. La abolici�n de la trata e iniciativas respecto la servidumbre 1807 Abolition of the Slave Trade Act: slave trading abolished in British Empire. Captains fined �100 per slave transported. 1807 British begin patrols of African coast to arrest slaving vessels. West Africa Squadron (Royal Navy) established to suppress slave trading; by 1865, nearly 150,000 people freed by anti-slavery operations 1807 Abolition in Prussia, Germany The Stein-Hardenberg reforms. 1808 United States�importation of slaves into the US prohibited after 1 Jan.. 1811 Slave trading made a felony in the British Empire punishable by transportation for British subjects and Foreigners. 1811 Spain abolishes slavery at home and in all colonies except Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Santo Domingo (o sea, donde hay esclavos) 1813 Argentina abolishes slavery 1814 Dutch outlaw slave trade 1815 British pay Portuguese �750,000 (several hundred million dollars in current values) to cease their trade 1815 Congress of Vienna. 8 Victorious powers declared their opposition to slavery 1816 Serfdom abolished in Estonia. 1817 Serfdom abolished in Courland. 1817 Spain paid �400,000 by British to cease trade to Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Santo Domingo 1818 Treaty between Britain and Spain to abolish slave trade 1818 Treaty between Britain and Portugal to abolish slave trade 1818 France and Holland abolish slave trading 1819 Treaty between Britain and Netherlands to abolish slave trade

46. La abolici�n brit�nica de la TRATA es idealizada SE PUEDE CONTRAPONER A LOS ENEMIGOS: Francia y USA

47. Liderazgo en la abolici�n absoluta 1819 Serfdom abolished in Livonia. 1821 Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela abolish slavery 1822 Liberia founded by American Colonization Society (USA) as a colony for emancipated slaves. 1822 Greece abolishes slavery (note: that this is the year the modern state was founded and therefore slavery was banned right from the very beginning). 1823 Chile abolishes slavery 1824 The Federal Republic of Central America abolishes slavery. 1827 Treaty between Britain and Sweden to abolish slave trade 1829 Mexico abolishes slavery 1831 Bolivia abolishes slavery 1834 The British Slavery Abolition Act 1833 comes into force, abolishing slavery throughout most of the British Empire. The exceptions being territories controlled by the Honourable East India Company and the islands of Ceylon and St Helena. 1834 Slavery abolished in Jamaica 1835 Treaty between Britain and France to abolish slave trade 1835 Treaty between Britain and Denmark to abolish slave trade 1836 Portugal abolishes transatlantic slave trade

48. Liderazgo sostenido con los brit�nicos 1839 British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society founded, now called Anti-Slavery International 1839 Indian indenture system made illegal (reversed in 1842) 1840 Treaty between Britain and Venezuela to abolish slave trade 1841 is signed; Britain, France, Russia, Prussia, and Austria agree to suppress slave trade 1842 Uruguay abolishes slavery 1843 Honourable East India Company becomes increasingly controlled by Britain and abolishes slavery in India by the Indian Slavery Act V. of 1843. 1843 Treaty between Britain and Uruguay to suppress slave trade 1843 Treaty between Britain and Mexico to suppress slave trade 1843 Treaty between Britain and Chile to suppress slave trade 1843 Treaty between Britain and Bolivia to abolish slave trade 1845 36 British Royal Navy ships are assigned to the Anti-Slavery Squadron, making it one of the largest fleets in the world

49. La flota brit�nica del Niger en 1841 Ya con vapor

50. El fracaso de las formas mon�rquicas en las Am�ricas ES EL V�NCULO MORAL MAYOR ENTRE USA Y LAS REP�BLICAS HISPANOAMERICANAS HASTA 1918, LAS REP�BLICAS SON UN FEN�MENO POL�TICO DE LAS AM�RICAS Y LAS MONARQU�AS LO SER�N DE EUROPA

51. Agust�n I, emperador de M�xico 1793-1824; rein�, 1822-1823

52. Dom Pedro de Bragan�a, 1822emperador del Brasil El grito de Ypiranga, EL GUSTO POR EL GESTO REGIAMENTE IMITADO

53. Dom Pedro I (1798-1834) La casa de Bragan�a se divide

54. Una estrategia din�stica(pronto march� a luchar por los derechos de su hija en Portugal)

55. La variedad de razas y gentesinvita a la idea del �imperio� Henri Christophe, emperador de Hait� (1767-1820; rein� como Henri I, 1811-1820) El dominio haitiano de la otra mitad, dominicana

56. La resistencia a la abolici�n en Estados mon�rquicos, con fuerte econom�a esclavista 1886 Slavery abolished in Cuba 1888 Brazil abolishes slavery

57. Provincias Unidas contra Imperio del Brasil:almirante Guillermo Brown �Luchar por la causa republicana o por las fronteras?

58. Unitarismo antifederal La lectura hispanoamericana del mensaje jacobino franc�s

59. Antonio L�pez de Santa Anna (1794-1876)�El Napole�n del Oeste�, desastroso centuaro La interminable lucha sucesoria y por la forma territorial y el contenido politico de la Rep�blica mexicana

60. Estados Unidos de M�jico

61. Entre tanta interminable guerra civil, brota el romanticismo Jos� Maria de Heredia

62. El bolivarismo se contagia en Cuba, 1823 Conspiraci�n de los Soles y los Rayos de Bolivar

63. Las guerras civiles sin fin:Rosas y los colorados Juan Manuel de Rosas fue un pol�tico argentino, gobernador de Buenos Aires en los per�odos 1829-1832 y 1835-1852

64. Dr. Francia, �El Supremo� de Paraguay Jos� Gaspar de Francia Impone la soluci�n del silencio y en guaran�

65. LA GRAN COLOMBIA Y c�mo se escindi�

66. Alternativas de la �poca

67. Los fragmentos de la Gran Colombia Ecuador, Colombia, Venzuela (y hasta Santo Domingo, unos meses entre 1821 y 1822

68. Provincias Unidas del R�o de la Plata Bandera regimental, 1813: temas espa�oles y independentistas CRUZADOS

69. Manuel Belgrano enarbol� por primera vez la bandera nacional en la ciudad de Rosario el 27 de febrero de 1812, la cual fue confeccionada por do�a Mar�a Catalina Echevarr�a de Vidal. En una nota, Belgrano comunic� que "...siendo preciso enarbolar bandera, y no teni�ndola, la mand� hacer blanca y celeste conforme a los colores de la escarapela nacional".El 23 de agosto de 1812, en la torre del templo de San Nicol�s, por primera vez en Buenos Aires se hace tremolar la bandera de la patria EL CULTO A LA BANDERA

70. La pugna en La PlataLas banderas argentina (1810, con sol 1818), uruguaya (***), y de Rio Grande do Sul, 1836-1846 Una tensi�n nunca resuelta

71. Artigas, pr�cer de �La Rep�blica del Bando Oriental� Jos� Gervasio Artigas (Montevideo, 19 de junio de 1764 - Paraguay, 23 de septiembre de 1850)

72. Las Provincias Unidas de Centro Am�rica, 1823-1838

73. El recuerdo, �qu� tiene de anhelo?

74. El hast�o:Sarmiento y Facundo

75. EL BREVETRIUNFO INTEGRISTAGABRIEL GARC�A MORENO, PRESIDENTE DE ECUADOR (1821-1875)

76. Ejemplo para integristas no legitimistas en Espa�a De los disidentes del carlismo a Sabino Arana

77. �INDIVIDUALISMO Y RACISMO? <Cecilia Vald�s> De la novela rom�ntica nacionalista (Cirilo Villaverde, 1812-1894) a la zarzuela cubana

78. �C�MO ESCAPAR DEL CAUDILLISMO? Nadie lo ha conseguido en la �Am�rica Latina� �Iberoam�rica?�Hispanoam�rica? EL PESO INTELECTUAL DEL C�RIBE, INFLUENCIA EN TODO EL MUNDO AFRICANO Y AFROAMERICANO