Spain Builds and American Empire

1. Spain Builds and American Empire Section 1

2. Spain Builds and American Empire • 1492- seeking an alternate trade route to Asia Christopher Columbus “discovers” America and accidently brings together peoples of the Americas, Europe and Africa • Spain’s rulers financed three more trips with more men and ships and began to found colonies (lands controlled by another nation) • 1500 Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed modern day Brazil for Portugal • By the early 1500’s Europeans had figured out that the land was not Asia but a new continent • 1519Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the southern end of South America and across the Pacific (along the way claiming the Philippines for Spain) • In 1522 when they returned to Spain only 18 men and one ship were left, first voyage to circumnavigate the globe

3. Spain Builds an American Empire • Spanish were first European explorers and settlers of the Americas • Made Spain a very wealthy country and their culture influenced the cultures of North and South America that exists today • Spanish explorers known as conquistadors came to the Americas to follow rumors of gold and silver • They stayed and carved out colonies in regions that would become Mexico, South America and the United States

4. Spain Builds an American Empire Spanish Conquests in Mexico • 1519Hernando Cortes and 600 men landed in Mexico • They heard of wealthy Aztec empire and its capital Tenochtitlan • Cortes marched inland and was welcomed by the Aztec emperor Montezuma, who thought the Spaniards were gods • Aztecs soon figured out the intentions of Cortes and drove the Spaniards out of the capital • 1521 Cortes and the Spaniards defeated the Aztecs even though they were greatly outnumbered • Reasons for Spanish victory • Made allies with groups that did not like Aztecs • Spanish had superior weapons • Diseases like measles, smallpox, typhus; that the Native Americans had no natural immunity to

5. Effects of Old World Disease • Native Americans had no natural resistance to diseases that were common in Europe Asia and Africa • Killed up to 90% of Native American population across North and South America within the first 100 years of European contact • Made it easier for Europeans to conquer the Americas because Native American did not have the numbers to resist • Caused fear and confusion among native groups • When many European explorers reached new areas they found empty villages and towns

6. Spain Builds an American Empire Spanish Conquest in Peru • 1532- Francisco Pizarro takes army of 200 into the heart of the huge Incan empire in South America • They kidnap their ruler Atahualpa and demand a ransom of gold (even though the Inca had an army of 30,000), after they received their gold they strangled the Inca king • This demoralized the Inca people and the Spaniards quickly seized control of their empire

7. Spain Builds an American Empire • By the middle of the 1500’s Spain had created a huge American empire • Drew from techniques learned during the reconquista(when the Spanish drove the Muslims from Spain) • Spanish imposed their culture on the people they conquered in the Americas • Most Spanish settlers were men so they had relationships with native women • Result of relationships was the creation of a mestizo(mixed Spanish and American) population • Spanish also forced native population to work for them • System called encomendiawhere the Indians farmed, ranched and mined for their Spanish landlords, often they were abused or mistreated

8. Portuguese Empire in America • One area that remained outside of European influence was Brazil • Region was given to Portugal because of Treaty of Tordesillas and claimed by Brazil in 1500 • Colonists settled coastal areas and built huge sugar plantations • The demand for sugar was great in Europe and made huge profits for Portugal

9. Spain Builds an American Empire • Spain’s American colonies made it the richest and most powerful nation in the world during the 1500’s • Spain built a powerful navy and army to control and protect their empire • By the end of the 1500’s Spain pushed into what is now the US • 1540-1541Francisco Coronado explored the Southwest in search of a city of gold, did not find any • Catholic priests followed the conquistadors to convert natives • Priests used to explore and colonize North America • Catholic priests set up missions across the Southwest and California where towns grew up around them (Santa Fe, San Diego, San Francisco)

10. Spain Builds an American Empire Opposition to Spanish Rule • Spanish priests pushed for better treatment of Native Americans • Criticized harsh treatment of native Americans under the encomendia system • 1542 Spanish government ended encomendia system and began to use African slaves for labor • Native Americans began to resist Spanish colonizers as well • Spanish burned sacred Native American objects, banned Indian religious practices and built Catholic churches on top of Indian religious centers • 1680 Pope, a Native American ruler led a rebellion against Spanish rule and pushed them back into New Spain • It took the Spanish 12 years to take the area back

11. Europeans Settle North America Section 2

12. Europeans Settle North America • Other European nations wanted to obtain valuable colonies in the Americas • By the early 1500’s England, the Dutch and French began to obtain colonies in North America • Wanted to find a more direct route to Asia through fabled “Northwest Passage” • Countries did not find route but stayed and established colonies

13. Europeans Settle North America New France • French explorers discover what is today New York harbor, St. Lawrence River • 1608- Samuel de Champlain took colonists and established Quebec the base of France’s New World empire, known as New France • 1673 French explorers Marquette (priest) and Joliet (fur trade and trapper) explored the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River • 1683LaSalle another Frenchman claimed the entire Mississippi River valley for France

14. Europeans Settle North America • By the early 1700’s New France covered much of what is now the Midwestern US and eastern Canada • Empire was immense but sparsely populated • Catholic priests came to convert Native Americans • The main economic activity was the fur trade not settlement and occupying territory

15. Europeans Settle North America English Arrive in North America • 1607 first permanent English settlement in Jamestown, Virginia • They came looking for gold • Life was hard 6 out of 10 colonists died of disease, hunger or Indian attack in the first few years • Outlook improved greatly after the “discovery” of tobacco as a cash crop

16. Europeans Settle North America • 1620 group known as Pilgrims settle a second English colony in Plymouth, Mass. • 1630’sPuritans a second English group settled in Mass. • Both groups came for the religious freedom the colonies would provide • Both colonies grew rapidly because of the number of families that came to the colonies, unlike Jamestown that was settled by a mostly single, male population

17. Europeans Settle North America The Dutch found New Netherland • Dutch founded colonies in region along the Hudson River and Manhattan Island (now known as New York) • Built trading posts and formed the Dutch West India Company • Colony in North America known as New Netherland • Opened to a variety of settlers Germans, French, Scandinavians Colonizing the Caribbean • On the islands of the Caribbean European countries built huge sugar and cotton plantations • Used African slaves for labor on plantations

18. Europeans Settle North America The Struggle for North America • French, English and Dutch wanted to expand their colonies in North America and they battled each other for colonial supremacy • New Netherland separated England's colonies in North America • 1664 drove the Dutch out and renamed colony New York England battles France • English wanted to push further west into continent and they were blocked by the French • 1754 dispute over land claims in the Ohio Valley region led to a war between the two countries • Known in North America as the French and Indian War • It was part of a larger conflict called the Seven Year’s War that involved fighting in Europe, North America, the West Indies and India • 1763 the British defeat the French and the French gave up their holdings in North America • Britain became the supreme power in North America

19. Europeans Settle North America • European colonization brought disaster to Native Americans • French and Dutch had a cooperative relationship with Native Americans • Helped with fur trapping and traded furs for European items like guns, hatchets, mirrors, beads • English wanted to populate colonies and they clashed with Native Americans over issues of land and religion • Land: Wanted to push natives off their lands to build towns and grow crops • Religion: English considered natives as heathens and as a threat to their “godly” society

20. Europeans Settle North America • Native American and English hostility grew • 1622 Colonists in Jamestown and the Powhatan tribe fought • 1675- One of the bloodiest colonial conflicts was known as King Philipp's War • Chief Metacom(King Philipp) tried to unite Native Americans against English settlers • After a year the colonists defeated the Indians and put an end to Native American resistance in the English colonies • More destructive than European guns was disease that devastated the population • One effect of the loss was a severe labor shortage across the colonies, so the colonists turned to another labor source African slaves