Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

2. 1. Humanists do not believe that human being are pushed and pulled by mechanical forces, either of stimuli and reinforcements (behaviorism) or of unconscious instinctual impulses (psychoanalysis). 2. Humanists focus upon potentials. 3. They believe that humans strive for an upper level of capabilities. 4. They believe that humans seek the frontiers of creativity, the highest reaches of consciousness and wisdom. 5. “Within every person is an active will towards health, growth, and the actualization of human potential.” (Carol Tribe) Maslow: A Humanistic Psychologist

3. Maslow’s Philosophy • To understand humans, you must understand their highest aspirations. • Human study must be humanistic & holistic • Human values are intrinsically good & desirable. • Personality problems are loud protests against the ‘crushing of psychological bones’. • Self-actualizing people can live more freely in the realm of being. • A democratic environment is essential to reach potential

4. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs In the 1930’s the psychologist Abraham Maslow designed a pyramid to explain ‘basic health needs’.

5. The hierarchy has five levels: Physiological Needs: oxygen, water, protein, salt, sugar, calcium and other minerals and vitamins, shelter and sleep etc. Safety Needs: security, stability, protection from physical and emotional harm Belongingness & Love Needs: affection, belonging, acceptance, friendship, community Esteem Needs:(Internal ones are need for self-respect, confidence, autonomy, and achievement. External ones are need for respect of others, status, fame, glory, recognition and attention.) Maslow feels these are the roots to many, if not most of our psychological problems. Self-Actualization: (doing that which maximizes one’s potential and fulfills one’s innate aspirations) Hierarchy of Needs

6. DEFICIT (D-NEEDS) If you don’t have enough of something you have a “deficit” (need) Maslow's hierarchy seems to follow the life cycle. A baby's needs are almost entirely physiological. As the baby grows, it needs safety, then love. Toddlers are eager for social interaction, attention and affection. Teenagers are anxious about social needs, young adults are concerned with esteem and only more mature people transcend the first four levels to spend much time self-actualizing. Under stressful conditions, or when survival is threatened, we can “regress” to a lower level need.

7. Basic Physical Needs #4. Basic Physical Needs

8. Basic Physical Needs This includes the need for: • Food • Drink • Oxygen • Sleep • Warmth • Sensory pleasure • Maternal behaviour • and Sexual Desire. • If people are denied any of these needs, they may spend long periods of time looking for them.

9. Safety and Security Needs #6. Safety and Security Needs Basic Physical Needs

10. Once a persons basic needs have been met, their next concern is usually for: safety and security, freedom from pain, threat from physical attack and protection from danger Safety and Security Needs

11. Basic Physical Needs Love and Social Needs #8. Love and Social needs Safety and Security Needs

12. Love and Social Needs These include: • a sense of belonging - people seek to overcome feelings of loneliness and alienation • the need for social activities • friendships and the giving and receiving of love

13. Esteem needs #10. Esteem needs Love and emotional needs Safety and Security Needs Basic Physical Needs

14. Esteem Needs This includes the need to have: • self respect (involves the desire to have strength, confidence, independence, freedom and achievement) and • esteem of others (involves having prestige, status, attention, recognition, reputation and appreciation from other people) • when these needs are satisfied person feels self-confident and valuable • when not met people feel inferior, weak, helpless, and worthless

15. Self actualisation needs #12. Self actualisation needs Yes!! Self-esteem needs Love and emotional needs Safety and Security Needs Basic Physical Needs

16. Self Actualisation Needs • This is the development of and realisation of a persons full potential • Characteristics: • Problem focused • Incorporate an ongoing freshness of appreciation of life • Concerned about personal growth • All the other needs in the pyramid have to be achieved before a person can reach this stage • Only a small percentage of the population is truly, self-actualizing (approximately 2%) Yes

17. Maslow’s Theory A Hierarchy of Needs • Needs are hierarchically organized • Needs must be satisfied at the lower levels before we proceed to satisfy the higher needs • Lower needs are more powerful and pressing - Maslow recognized that not all personality types followed this hierarchy - Suggested that flow through the hierarchy can occur at any level at any time and many times simultaneously

18. NEEDS DEPRIVATION The LESS a need is deprived when it first emerges, the BETTER a person is able to tolerate a subsequent deprivation of that need. THEREFORE: • If you want people to be able to tolerate food deprivation, be certain that they never are hungry • If you want people to be able to tolerate danger, be certain they always feel safe.

19. Following this logic, we can conclude: • If you want people to be able to tolerate frustration,don’tfrustrate them. • If you want people to be able to tolerate humiliation, don’thumiliate them. • If you want people to be able to tolerate failure, be certain they succeed often. • If you want people to be able to tolerate humiliation, be certain you are constantly supportive of and caringtoward them.

20. Q&A for Maslow 1. What is the relationship between learning and development? People learn best when their developmental needs are met. 2. What motivates people? Internal needs. This is at the heart of the theory. 3. How important is behavior? One knows nothing from behavior. We have to understand the underlying need that motivated the behavior. A given stage can give rise to many different behaviors. Likewise, a given behavior can be indicative of many different stages. 4. How important is thinking? Maslow's theory deals with emotions, not cognition. But he does strongly maintain that proper emotional development is crucial to curiosity and to creative thinking. 5. How important are emotions? All important. Emotional well- being is the key to thinking and proper learning.

21. Self Acceptance Survey 1. I allow myself to make mistakes, realizing that we all learn from failure. 2. My value as a person depends greatly on what others think of me. 3. Whether I’m celebrating a success or getting through a rough period, I “reward” myself in self-defeating ways, e.g. overeating, drinking too much, or going on a spending spree when I am already in debt. 4. I have trouble asking others for favours and tend to apologize a lot. 5. I’d rather keep an unsatisfactory item than return it to the store. In a restaurant I’ll eat a meal, even if it isn’t what I ordered, rather than return it to the waiter. 6. I berate myself for saying or doing the wrong thing, calling myself “stupid.” 7. I would do something against my better judgment rather than risk another person’s disapproval. 8. When I look at myself in the mirror, I see only my flaws. a) never or hardly at all b) sometimes c) frequently d) very often

22. 9. I think of how my life would improve if only I were smarter or better looking. 10. I graciously accept compliments and praise instead of tossing them aside. 11. I do things which nurture, strengthen and relax my body. 12. I am able to accept my vulnerable feelings like sadness, fear or anxiety. 13. When I need comfort, I am able to turn to friends or family and let them know how I feel. 14. I am comfortable expressing my angry feelings. 15. I am able to assert my needs and wants with family members, colleagues or my partner. 16. I recognize and value my need for solitude or “quiet time.” 17. I actively pursue and maintain friendships with people I truly like. 18. I balance my life with pleasure and fun, recognizing that I work harder when I am well rested. a) never or hardly at all b) sometimes c) frequently d) very often

23. Maslow on Self Acceptance Dr. Maslow believed that acceptance of self and others (and all their imperfections) was one of the primary characteristics of self-actualized people. His description follows. They can accept their own human nature in the stoic style, with all its shortcomings, with all its discrepancies from the ideal image without feeling real concern. It would convey the wrong impression to say that they are self-satisfied. What we must say rather is that they can take the frailties and sins, weaknesses, and evils of human nature in the same unquestioning spirit with which one accepts the characteristics of nature. One does not complain about water because it is wet or about rocks because they are hard, or about trees because they are green. As the child looks out upon the world with wide, uncritical, undemanding, innocent eyes, simply noting and observing what is the case, without either arguing the matter or demanding that it be otherwise, so does the self-actualizing person tend to look upon human nature in himself and in others. (Abraham Maslow, (1954) pp. 155-156)

24. Final thought: ‘Health is complete physical, mental and social well-being and not just the absence of disease or infirmity 1946 - World Health Organisation