Explore Carbon-Based Molecules in Living Systems

1. KEY CONCEPTCarbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

2. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. • Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.

3. Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures • straight chain • branched chain • ring

4. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. • Monomers are the individual subunits. • Polymers are made of many monomers.

5. Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds Always contain carbon Contain other elements Made by living organisms (exception: CO and CO2) Covalent bonds Ionic bonds Most are large molecules Most are small molecules with many atoms with few atoms Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds

6. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Protein • Nucleic acid

7. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are exactly twice as many Hydrogen as Oxygen

8. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. • Monomer-Monosaccharides are simple sugars. • Polymer-Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.

9. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure monomer

10. Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. • Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure. Cellulose in a plant’s cell wall

11. ADDITIONAL CARBOHYDRATES NOTESCarbohydrates frequently have isomersIsomers: same chemical formula, different structural formula Galactose Fructose Glucose

12. Triglyceride • Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. • Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen & oxygen • There are always more than twice as many hydrogen as oxygen in lipids. • Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. • Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol. • Monomers: fatty acids and glycerol

13. broken down as a source of long term energy • make up cell membranes • Lipids have 2 main functions: • Examples: animal fats, oils (plants) & waxes

14. used to make hormones Hormonesdo more than regulate reproduction. These are brain cells…

15. Fats & Oils(Additional Notes on Lipids) • Fats & Oils are a major category of lipids.

16. Types of Fats & Oils • There are 3 main types: • Saturated Fats • Unsaturated Fats • Hydrogenated Fats

17. Generally animal fatsExamples: butter, shortening, lardSolid at room temperatureFull of Hydrogen atoms • Saturated Fats

18. Unsaturated Fats • Generally found in plants • Examples: • olive oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil • Liquid at room temperature • Missing Hydrogen atoms • [Causes double bonds between C atoms]

19. Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. • saturated fatty acids • unsaturated fatty acids

20. Phospholipid • Phospholipids make up all cell membranes. • Polar phosphate “head”- Hydrophilic • Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”- Hydrophobic

21. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and Nitrogen. Monomer: Amino Acid • Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. • Amino acids differ in R groups.

22. Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds. • Function of proteins: Build cell parts • Examples of proteins: • Hemoglobin • Insulin • Enzymes (like pepsin)

23. Hemoglobin hydrogen bond • Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. • Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. • Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function.

24. Additional Protein Notes • Proteins are strings of amino acids. • The number and order of amino acids makes each enzyme different • Enzymes are a special kind of protein • Enzymes speed up processes in living things. • They help break things down (like in digestion) • They help build things (like cell parts)

25. Because of its structure, an enzyme can attach to only one kind of molecule • Substrates • Active site substrates (reactants) Substrates bind to anenzyme at places called active sites.

26. Example of Enzyme working Substrates bind to anenzyme at certain places called active sites. The catalyzed reaction formsa product that is releasedfrom the enzyme. The enzyme bringssubstrates together and weakens their bonds.

27. Nucleic acids (like DNA) are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.

28. nitrogen-containing molecule,called a base A phosphate group deoxyribose (sugar) • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and other atoms • Monomer: Nucleotides • Nucleotides are made of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.

29. DNA RNA • Function: code information • Examples: DNA & RNA -DNA stores genetic information. -RNA builds proteins.

30. Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds • Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds • Always contain carbon Contain other elements • Made by living organisms (exception: CO and CO2) • Covalent bonds Ionic bonds • Most are large molecules Most are small molecules with many atoms with few atom

31. Types of Organic Compounds • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids