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Human Systematic Anatomy

This article provides an overview of the different divisions of anatomy and the general structure of the human body. It covers topics such as cells, tissues, organs, systems, and anatomical terminology.

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Human Systematic Anatomy

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  1. Human Systematic Anatomy Zhu Xi Prof . M.D. 2011-02 Medical School of Zhejiang University

  2. Introduction I. Definition of anatomy Anatomy is the science dealing with the gross morphology and spatial interrelations of structures of the body. For the medical students, human anatomy is the basic course of the preclinical and clinical curriculum.

  3. II. Divisions of anatomy from different method and purpose of study.A.Gross AnatomyIt is the study of macroscopic or gross structure visible to the naked eye. Systematic anatomy; Regional anatomy.B.Microscopic Anatomy (histology)It is the study of minute structures requiring the use of the microscope.

  4. C.Developmental Anatomy(embryology) It is the study of the development of the body from its beginning (fertilized ovum ) to maturity.D.Applied Anatomy( Practical or Surgical Anatomy ) It is usually concerned with observations of human structures which are useful in medicine, especially in the surgical technique, but also in clinical diagnosis.

  5. III. General structure of human bodyA.Cells: A body consists of innumerable cells.B.Tissue:— epithelial tissue — connective tissue — muscular tissue — nervous tissueC.Organs and structures

  6. D.Systems: 9 systems — locomotor system： bones; joints; muscles — alimentary system — respiratory system — urinary system — genital (reproductive) system — circulatory system: cardiovascular system; lymphatic system; — endocrine system — nervous system — sense organsE.Human body

  7. IV. Anatomical terminology A.Anatomical positionFor the purpose of description of various parts of body and their location, a body is assumed to be in erect position. It is essential to learn the anatomical position because most of the directional terminology used in anatomy refers to the body in this position.

  8. — Anatomical position • the face and toes directed forward； • the eyes straight forward； • the heels and toes get together; • the upper limbs hang by the side • of body and the palms of the hands face forward.

  9. B.   The relational planes and sections:1.For whole bodya)sagittal planea vertical plane which divides body into left and right parts.* median (midsagittal) plane right and left parts are equal.b)Coronal (frontal) planea vertical plane, which divides body into anterior and posterior parts.c)Horizontal (transverse) planeit is at right angle to both sagittal and Coronalplanes and divides body into superior and inferior parts.2.For organ:longitudinal and transverse planes

  10. C.Axisesvertical axis; sagittal axis; coronal axis.

  11. D. The terms of direction Anterior —— posterior (ventral —— dorsal) Medial —— lateral (ulnar —— radial) (tibial —— fibular) Superior —— inferior (cranial —— caudal) Proximal —— distal Internal —— external Superficial —— deep

  12. Part 1 The Locomotor System Bones Joints Skeletal muscles (levers) Skeleton: --- forms the framework --- movement --- protection --- storage of minerals calcium --- formation of blood cells (axis) (motive force)

  13. Chapter 1 The general Description of the Osteology ( bone system) andthe Arthrology

  14. Section 1 The general description of the osteology I.Each bone: ----is a organ; ---- has proper shape and certain functions; ---- is hard and resilient and abundant in blood and nerve supply; ---- has constantly processing of metabolism and growth; ---- possesses the ability of repairing, regeneration, reconstruction; ---- can be affected by the genetic, external and internal environmental factors.

  15. II. Bones in adult are 206 in number— III. three parts— the skull — the bones of the trunk (axial bones) — the bones of the limbs (appendicular bones)

  16. I. The shape and classification of bonesAccording to the shape, there are 4 kinds of bones: long bone short bone flat bone irregular bone

  17. 1.Long bone: one body (shaft, diaphysis) medullary cavity, bone marrow metaphysis two ends(extremities ,epiphysis) *epiphysial plate → line

  18. 2.Short bones: cuboid composed of spongy substance with a thin layer of compact substance. carpal bones(8), tarsal bones(7) t

  19. 3.Flat bones: skull and thorax,etc 2 plates of compact bone ( outer plate & inner plate) with sponge bone ( diploë )

  20. 4.Irregular bone:some cranial bones contain air- filled cavities (sinuses)— “pneumatic bone”

  21. v. The structure of bone1.Bony substancesa)compact substance (bone).resisting stresses and bending.b)spongy substance (bone)(cancellous).consists of a lot of trabeculae which interweave with each other. (pressure and tension)

  22. 2.Periosteum: It envelops external surface of the bones, except the joint surface (articular cartilage).2 layers — outer layer:fibrous membraneinner layer:vascular membrane (osteoblasts). Regeneration and repair

  23. 3.Bone marrow: 2 kinds of marrows—a)red marrow It is capable of making blood cells.b)yellow marrow It comprises a lot of fat and haven’t ability of making blood cells in general. 4. Vessels and nerves

  24. VI.  Chemical composition and physical propertiesBones are composed mostly of the organic material and the inorganic material.1.Organic material--- It’s about 30～40 percent of the dry weight of the bone and is mainly collagen. --- It gives the bones resilience and toughness.2.Inorganic material--- It’s about 60～70 percent and chiefly are calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate. --- It gives the bones hardness and rigidity.

  25. Section 2 The general description of the arthrology I.Definition of the arthrologyArthrology treats of a connection between two or more bones or between bone and cartilage. The bones are connected together by the fibrous, cartilaginous or osseous tissues.

  26. II.  Classification of articulation2 main types: 1.  Continuous Articulation(immovable)They only have a little or no movement. a)fibrous joints：sutures, syndesmosis b) cartilaginous joints： synchondroses ——hyaline cartilages symphyses —— fibrous cartilages. c)synostoses

  27. fibrous joints： sutures, syndesmoses cartilaginous joints： synchondroses symphyses

  28. synostoses

  29. 2.Discontinuous Articulations(synovial joints or movable articulations)They provide free movement

  30. III. Essential structures of the synovial joint1.Articular surfacesThey have a layer of smooth hyaline (articular cartilage).2.Articular capsule: 2 layers: Fibrous layer— superficial，thickness. Synovial layer— deep, thin , slippery，can produce synovia witch lubricates the joint. 3.  Articular cavitya) a closed cavity and contains the synovial fluid. b)It is negative to the atmosphere pressure.

  31. IV. Accessory structures of the synovial joints1.Ligaments: intracapsular extracapsular

  32. 2.Articular disc & meniscus ， 3. Articular labrum (lip)

  33. 4. Synovial folds and bursa.

  34. V.Movements of joint (diarthroses)1.Flexion and extension(in the coronal axis) 2.Adduction and abduction(in the sagittal axis) 3.Rotation (in the vertical axis or around its own axis)pronation and supination (only for forearm) medial rotation and external rotation.inversion and eversion (only for foot) 4. Circumduction (around 2 or 3 axises)

  35. Flexion and extension(in the coronal axis)

  36. Adduction and abduction(in the sagittal axis)

  37. eversion and Inversion

  38. Rotation (in the vertical axis or around its own axis)

  39. VI.Types of synovial jointsAccording to the axis ——平面关节、球窝关节、 滑车关节、鞍状关节 等。

  40. Chapter 2 • Bones and joints of the trunk • The Vertebral column • The Thoracic cage

  41. Section 1 Vertebral column

  42. A.Vertebrae 1. numbers(33~34→26) Cervical vertebrae 7 Thoracic vertebrae 12 Lumbar vertebrae 5 Sacral vertebrae 5 →sacrum. Coccygeal vertebrae 4→coccyx

  43. 2.General features of the typical vertebraIt is composed of:1.a body 2.vertebral arch: two pedicles, one lamina. 3.seven processes: --- a spinous process --- two transverse processes --- two superior articular processes --- two inferior articular processes * The body with the arch surrounds a vertebral foramen. * In the vertebral column, all of the foramina form the vertebral canal, which lodges the spinal cord et al. * A notch above or below the pedicle with its neighbour forms theintervertebral foramen, which transmits spinal nerve et al.

  44. 3.The main characteristics of vertebrae in each part 1) Cervical vertebraea)    * a transverse foramen b)    * spinous processes are short and bifid. c)the first one hasn’t body and spinous process (Atlas). d)the second has a dens (Axis). e)the 7th’s spine is the longest and easily felt out (vertebral prominens).

  45. 2)Thoracic vertebraea)there are costal fovea (superior, inferior and transverse costal fovea) b) the spinous process are long and downward sloping.

  46. 3)Lumbar vertebraeThe spines are strong, square and horizontal.

  47. 4)Sacruma)base of sacrum(promontory).b)pelvic surface(concave, 4 pairs of anterior sacral foramina). c)dorsal surface(convex, 4 pairs of posterior sacral foramina). d)lateral part(auricular surface).e)Sacral canal(sacral hiatus).

  48. B. The Joints of the vertebrae

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