HUMAN HEALTH & DISEASES

1. HUMAN HEALTH & DISEASES Mrs Saroj CHOPRA PRT

2. HEALTH • Health increases the longevity of people • It reduces the infant and maternal mortality • The factors that are very important to maintain good health are • 1) Balanced diet • 2) Personal hygiene • 3) Regular exercise • Good health can be achieved by the following

3. Good health is achieved by • Awareness about diseases and their effects on different body functions • Control of vectors • Proper disposal of waste • Consumption of clean food and water • Vaccination and immunisation against infectious diseases

4. DISEASE:- WHEN FUNCTIONING OF ONE OR MORE ORGANS OR SYSTEMS OF THE BODY IS ADVERSLEY AFFECTED THE BODY IS CHARACTERISED BYVARIOUS SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS. Pathogen A wide range of organisms belonging to bacteria, viruses, fungi etc All parasites are pathogen Diseases are classified into INFECTIOUS & NON INFECTIOUS DISEASES

5. Infectious diseases Viral, bacterial, protozoan, fungal, helminthic Eg:- polio , plague. Malaria ring worm filariasis These pathogens enter our body by various means (direct contact, droplet infection, contaminated food and water) multiply there, and interfere with normal vital activities, resulting in morphological and functional disorders

6. VIRAL DISEASES COMMON COLD • It is caused by Rhinovirus • These viruses infect nasal and respiratory passages , but not the lungs • Symptoms • Nasal congestion and discharge • Sore throat • Cough • Hoarseness • It lasts for 3-7 days . Spread by cough, sneezing droplets, contaminated objects

7. Symptoms of cold

8. Typhoid Typhoid is confined by Widal test

9. Typhoid • Caused by Salmonella typhi • The infection is by contaminated food and water • The pathogen enters the small intestine and then to other parts of the body fluids • Symptoms • Sustained fever • Stomach pain • Loss of appetite • Constipation & headache

10. PNEUMONIA • It is caused by Streptococcus Pneumoniae and Heamophilus influenza • They infect the alveoli of the lung, where the alveoli becomes filled with a fluid resulting in severe difficulty in breathing • Symptoms • Fever • Head ache • Chill • Cough • In severe cases the lips and fingernails may turn greyish to bluish • Infection by sharing the contaminated articles, droplets from the infected person

11. PROTOZOAN DISEASES • Malaria • It is caused by different species of plasmodium • Plasmodium falciparum causes the most serious malignant malaria • The infection is through the bite of female anopheles mosquito that transfer sporozoites of plasmodium

12. The life cycle of the pathogen

15. Life cycle • The sporozoites enter the body , reach liver through blood and multiply within the liver cell • Such liver cells burst and release the parasites into the blood • Then they attack RBCs, multiply and cause their rapture • The rapture of RBC s is associated with the release of a toxin called haemozoin, which is responsible for high fever and the chill /shivering • The sexual stages develop in the RBC • the parasite then enters the femaleAnopheles mosquito along with the blood when it bites the infected person

16. Further development occurs in the stomach wall of the mosquito • The gametes fuse to form zygote • The zygote undergoes further development in the body of the mosquito to form sporozoites • Sporozoites are transported to and stored in the salivary gland of mosquito and sre transferred to a human body during the bite • The treatment involves the use of chloroquinine • The diseases can be controlled by eradicating mosquito and avoiding mosquito bite byusing mosquito repellant, net etc

19. Use of biopesticides Vector control

20. The Widal test is a serological test for Salmonella typhi. It is a demonstration of salmonella antibodies against antigens O-somatic and H-flagellar in the blood. It is used to ascertain the presence of typhoid fever. Insect repellant mosquito net

21. Amoebic Dysentery • It is caused by Entamoeba Histolytica • Infection is through contaminated food and water • The pathogen rests inside the large intestine • Symptoms • Abdominal pain and cramps • Stools with excess mucus and blood spots • Constipation alternating with Diarrhoea • House flies act as mechanical carriers and transfer the parasite from the faeces of infected to the food & water

22. ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA

23. FUNGAL DISEASES • RING worm • They are caused by fungi like microsporum, Trichophyton • Symptom • Dry scaly lesions on the skin • Lesions are accompanied by itching • Ringworms are generally acquired from soil or by direct contact with the contaminated articles used by the infected person

24. Helminthic Diseases • Ascariasis • It is caused by Ascaris lumbriciods • Symptoms • Blockage of intestinal passage • Anaemia • Abdominal/ muscular pain • Internal bleeding • Nausea and headache

25. Life cycle of Ascaris

26. FILARIASIS It is caused by Wuchereria Bancroftii& Wuchereria malayi They normally cause the inflammation of the organs in which they live for many years They normally affect the lymph vessels of the lower limb, causing them to swell like that of an elephant , hence called Elephantiasis Genital organs also get affected leads to gross deformation Female culex mosquito is the vector

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