Early Us Industry

1. Early Us Industry Chapter 5.2

3. Introduction • “A technological revolution in transportation and industry swept through the North. This revolution led to dramatic social and economic changes. Early industrialization also led to the growth of towns and cities • In the summer of 1817 , the _____________________was finished, connecting the Hudson River to Albany (363 miles) • An example of the striking revolution that would occur in the US transportation

4. Roads and Turnpikes • As early as 1806 Congress found the ___________________ • Started in Cumberland Maryland and reached Wheeling West Virginia • Paralleled the route GW took during the French and Indian War • Conestoga wagon teams pulled migrating families _________ • Livestock and wagonloads traveled ________________ • Was only national road of the time • Madison believed the ____________________________ did not support federal funds for national roads • States, towns, and businesses took the initiative • By 1821 4,000 miles of toll roads were built, mainly to connect Eastern Cities, very profitable for road owners

5. Steamboats and Canals • ___________________and Livingston’s steamboat chugged 150 miles from NYC to Albany in just 32 hours • Made river travel more reliable and people became used to a ___________________________ • By 1850, ____________________________ steamboats were on the nation’s waterways • Also spurred ________________ growth, by 1850 over 700 steamboats were on the nation’s waterways

6. The Iron Horse • Railroad developed in the early 1800s • Cooper built the first American locomotive the Tom Thumb in 1830 (1o miles/hr along 13 miles of track Baltimore to Ellicott City MD). • __________________________– pollution, noisy, and dangerous • __________________________________– Much faster and powerful than “beasts of burden • Created______________________________markets for goods • Between 1830-1861 – more than 30,000 miles of track laid • Needed new rails built, steel industry needed coal to fire furnaces, hence the ____________________________ industry became very profitable and increased production.

7. A New System of Production • The Industrial Revolution (Britain) • Began in Britain in the _______________________________ • Shift from hand tools to machines • Artisans shifted to unskilled task workers • Factories • Sold products nationwide and overseas • US Industrial Revolution • Started in _______________________________ • Reasons for Birth of Industry • _________________________________Industry – one could raise money, encouraged competition, low taxes • Easy ____________________________________laws, issuing stock without a charter • Limited ___________________________ • Began in the Northeast – investors invested in British industrial techniques

8. Industrial Revolution Cont… • Importing British Tech • Not easy – British law______________________sharing tech with foreigners • Slater built a British _____________________________from memory • Stretched cotton into thread • Francis C. ______________________opened textile mills in MA in 1814 • Based on British Mills • Built residences for workers who were ___________________and children • Dozens of mills by 1840 in Northeast – production of lumber, shoes, leather, wagons, and other products.

9. Technological Advances • Eli Whitney • ___________________– popularized interchangeable parts • Utilized in gun manufacturing • Morse –____________________in 1832 and developed Morse code for sending messages. • By 1844 the first long-distance telegraph line connected Washington, D.C. and Baltimore • Utilized for news – ___________________was formed to transport news • More than 50,000 wires connected the US by 1860

10. The Rise of Large Cities • Thousands of people___________________from farms to villages for factory jobs with higher wages • Many ___________________________ double or tripled • By 1860 ___________________cities had reached 100,000 people • Printers and publishers greatly increased • 75 percent of the total population was _______________ • 90 percent of white population could read

11. Workers Begin to Organize • ______________________ million factory workers in 1860 • When prices slumped wages dropped and workers were upset. • Labor _________________________ were formed to address grievances • By 1820 _____________________men and women belonged to unions • Pushed for higher wages and a 10 hour workday • Went on Strike • The courts often ruled against labor unions and strikes • President Van Buren _______________ the workday for federal employees to 10 hours • In Commonwealth v. Hunt, MA Supreme Court ruled union strikes were ______________________

12. Life in the Northern Cities • ___________________________________________________________________dept established • Due to rising crime and labor riots • ____________________________________________________________Dept established • Mostly wood structures and crowded • ______________________________________________Conditions • Animal waste, human waste (no sewer systems) • Contaminated public water supply • Cholera, Typhoid, and yellow fever were rampant • ___________________________________________________________________________Structure • Two Parents, many children, infant mortality rate was high • Men worked outside the house and women also worked • _____________________________________________________________ • Higher education was not available to women until 1830 • Public education did not exist until the 1850s in some cities • Some would attend school until high school, wealthy could afford college, working class boys might join workforce directly • ______________________________________________________________________ • Runaway slaves were given freedom • Many worked as doc workers and sailors • Small middle class emerged in Philadelphia and NYC

13. Life on the Farm in the North • ____________________________________was the nations leading activity • Entire family shared work • Fields plowed, animals cared for, items fixed, yarn weaved • Until late in the 19th Century, farming employed _____________________________people and produced more wealth than any other industry • ______________________________was sold in cities • Eventually focused more on ____________________