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Psychosocial Considerations of the Workplace Working Hours Shiftwork Human Behaviour

Psychosocial Considerations of the Workplace Working Hours Shiftwork Human Behaviour Biopsychosocial model Mental Distress Occupational ill-health Dr. Craig Jackson Senior Lecturer in Psychology BCU.

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Psychosocial Considerations of the Workplace Working Hours Shiftwork Human Behaviour

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  1. Psychosocial Considerations of the Workplace Working Hours Shiftwork Human Behaviour Biopsychosocial model Mental Distress Occupational ill-health Dr. Craig Jackson Senior Lecturer in PsychologyBCU

  2. “Peoples’ health should be no worse at the end of a working day than it was at the start” M.J. Harrington (1997)

  3. “People who work sitting down get paid more than people who work standing up” Ogden Nash (1902 - 1971)

  4. Core Occupational Diseases (EU) Chemical Chemical Biological Physical Physical Inorganic Organic Dusts Others Cadmium CS5 Zoonoses Asbestos Radiation Chromium Benzene Hepatitis Silica(te) NIHL Mercury Chlorine TB Mesothelioma Cataract Manganese Aromatics Vibration Nickel P.aromatics Dermatitis Lead Isocyanates

  5. 21st Century Workplaces • Global companies and operations • Leaner & Meaner managers • Gender issues • Disability issues • Migrant issues • Longer & less fixed working hours • Shorter contracts • Dirty jobs out-sourced

  6. Regulation of working hours • 1800 – 1900 • 12 hour days & 6 day weeks • Thomas Paine 1737 - 1809 • Age of Reason • Rights of Man • Annie Besant 1847 – 1933 • Reformist movement • Fabian Society • Secular Society • “Fruits of philosophy” “The Link” “White slavery in London” • 1889 • Humanitarian concerns influenced change • 48 hour week + regular rest = increased productivity

  7. Regulation of working hours 1900 – 1970 progressive reduction in working hours traditional work patterns 1970  working hours increase shiftwork increases irregular hours increase 24 hour processing technology unpaid extended hours flexible working annualised hours

  8. assumption reality units units time time Regulation of working hours Linear Assumption of workers and productivity

  9. Pieter Bruegel 1563

  10. Wembley Stadium • 326.5 Million pounds – Multiplex 2002 • Million pounds • British Library • 32 Million pounds – estimate • 511 Million pounds – 10 yrs late • Scottish Assembly • 37 Million pounds – estimate • 431 Million Pounds – 3 yrs late

  11. PaddyPower .com

  12. Organisational Psychology

  13. Stress @ # Fatigue

  14. Pilot Fatigue “Nodding off” Uncontrolled spontaneous episodes of sleep Can last seconds or minutes Disengages from reality and becomes unresponsive Fail to respond to outside information Aircraft cruising at 450 knots on glide path can travel nearly 730 feet during a one-second lapse. 123 feet

  15. Near Misses and Hits

  16. Headlines of 1st Gulf War BABY IS GULF WAR SYNDROME VICTIM JABS LINKED TO GULF WAR SYNDROME MORE THAN 10,000 DEAD FROM GULF WAR SYNDROME! GWS and Yank’s gift of Coca-Cola

  17. Regulation of working hours

  18. Environmental effects upon Performance Disturbed concentration Impaired memory Impaired decision making Mood changes Sleep disturbance Increased risk taking

  19. Paying Attention!

  20. (Dealing with) Interpersonal Relationships

  21. Ability Testing

  22. Employee Selection

  23. Occupational Rehabilitation

  24. 21st Century White Satanic Mills

  25. Deviance in the Workplace

  26. Coping with Extreme Hours

  27. Emerging issues for Employers . . . 1 + Workability for the UK +Remote & isolated working +Homeworking +Rural OH +Vocal health – “communication age” +Obesity +NSBS + “Workaholism”

  28. Emerging issues for Employers . . . 2 +Drugs and Alcohol +Ageing +New technologies +New industries +Vocational rehabilitation +Genetic screening +Psychosocial surveillance

  29. Difficult to Access Populations • Disenfranchised / Excluded people • Research-Poor occupations • e.g. cleaners, au pairs, farm workers • Disabled workers • Migrant communities • Immigrant workers • Illegal cash workers • Can we now have access please?

  30. Deep Vein Thrombosis • DVT likely to occur at work • Long-term postures at VDUs • Prolonged working periods • Increased risk of obesity • Chairs and workstation • Increased risk from respiratory and urinary infections

  31. Obesity & Odd Body Shapes Different problems but similar anthropometric outcomes Poor-fitting PPE Ergonomic problems Equipment modifications required Exposure abnormalities e.g. welding plume “Ergonomes’ imperative”

  32. Vocal Hygiene Communication age Most jobs have increased vocal use Vocal load “unaware” Equipment modifications required Exacerbated by stress, alcohol, exposure

  33. European directive on working time Organisation of work Min. daily rest period of 11 consecutive hours per 24 hours 1 rest break where working day > 6 hours Min. uninterrupted rest period of 35 hours per 7 day period Max. of 48 work per week Min. 4 weeks paid annual leave

  34. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 % returning to work <1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 months not working • Return to Work • Longer off work = Less likely to return to work Waddell, 1994

  35. “The good physician treats the disease, but the great physician treats the person.” William Osler

  36. Regional Picture • Self-reporting? • Who’s best off? • Who’s worse off?

  37. Work Related Ill-Health in the UK 33 Million days lost per year Males lose more working days than females Days lost increase with age Low managerial / professionals had highest rate of absence Most sickly occupations are health & social welfare, construction, teaching, and research

  38. Work Related Ill-Health in the UK Bakers appear highly with occupational asthma Metal workers appear highly with upper limb problems Mesothelioma deaths high in shipbuilders and asbestos workers Stress, depression and anxiety highest in: Public admin. Defence Education Health work Social work

  39. Troublesome Occupations

  40. Occupational Health Promotion Pre-employment screening Health Surveillance Health & Wellbeing Promotion

  41. 1) Pre-Employment Screening Ensure new employee…. … is fit to work … has no pre-existing health conditions that could pre-dispose him/her… … and increase risk of occupational disease / injury If health problem or pre-disposition is found, work with the employee to still allow them to take the job: 1) Eliminate Risk 2) Reduce Risk 3) Control Risk

  42. 2) Health Surveillance Routine medicals / examination of employer and / or Routine collection of data Ensure the current employee…. … is still fit to work … that pre-existing health conditions have not increased risk of occupational disease / injury

  43. 3) Health and Wellbeing Promotion Ensuring ways of working are engineered to optimize health 1/3 of lifetime spent working Ideal environment to “educate” the population Stop smoking clinics Healthy eating Diet advice Exercise clubs Gym memberships Ergonomic design and planning

  44. Horizon Scanning….. Country of unpaid overtime Workaholic nation Home Working Isolated Working Hearing difficulties in young workers the ipod syndrome Fatter Workforces Crouch Syndrome Podcasting of materials Workplace suicide Robotic Colleagues Vocal Hygiene

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