Coherence & Cohesion

1. Coherence & Cohesion 語意連貫 字句連貫 Writing without these two devices is like making a hamburger with leftovers.

2. Why important? Coherence 語意連貫 Logical order Cohesion 字句連貫 Helpful links glue

3. How to make my writing coherent? Coherence General particular Statement example Problem solution Question answer Claim counter-claim

4. How to make my writing cohesive? Cohesion It,neither,this 之前提過的訊息 時間順序 First of all,after that however, in addition, for instance transitional words(轉承)

5. How to make your pieces smoothly written? 1. Repetition of a Key Term or Phrase The problem with contemporary art is that it is not easily understood by most people. Contemporary art is deliberately abstract, and that means it leaves the viewer wondering what she is looking at.

6. How to make your pieces smoothly written? 2. Synonyms Myths narrate sacred histories and explain sacred origins. These traditional narratives are, in short, a set of beliefs that are a very real force in the lives of the people who tell them.

7. How to make your pieces smoothly written? 3. Pronouns When scientific experiments do not work out as expected, they are often considered failures until some other scientist tries them again. Those that work out better the second time around are the ones that promise the most rewards.

8. How to make your pieces smoothly written? 4. Transitional Words I like autumn, and yet autumn is a sad time of the year, too. The leaves turn bright shades of red and the weather is mild, but I can't help thinking ahead to the winter and the ice storms that will surely blow through here. In addition, that will be the season of chapped faces, too many layers of clothes to put on, and days when I'll have to shovel heaps of snow from my car's windshield.

9. How to make your pieces smoothly written? 5. Sentence Patterns And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country. (from a speech by President John F. Kennedy) Credited: http://www.missouri.edu/~pattonmd/cohesion.html%20 http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/style/cohesion.html

10. Practices • Find an article • Circle the words/phrases or underline the sentences that make the article coherent and cohesive. • Read the article aloud to your group members with coherence and cohesion devices emphasized.

11. News Report 1. find an article in the websites 2. read the article 3. write down the main idea (at least 150 words) With the help of transitional words 4. Select 10 key words 4. Oral report

12. addition equally important likewise also besides by the same token and too similarly again what is more as well as at the same time in addition further moreover

13. time after; after a while in the meantime thereafter next afterwards before until then as long as in the past in the future meanwhile as soon as lately ultimately at last; finally

14. contrast but regardless in contrast despite though conversely even so nonetheless notwithstanding even though nevertheless for all that on the other hand however but in spite of yet whereas on the contrary still

15. sequence for this purpose as a consequence hence since so thus then as a result in short to this end thereupon because with this object accordingly therefore

16. example such as for instance specifically in particular an illustration of namely to demonstrate to illustrate even

17. Transition signalsWhich paragraph is easier to understand?

18. Clarity

19. Examples: Norden picked up the wrench, removed the nut, and handed it to Robert. Complaining angrily, John wrote it up and sent it to the newspaper. (what is it?) Norden picked up the wrench, removed the nut, and handed the tool to Robert. Angrily, John wrote up his complaint and sent it to the newspaper.

20. Eliminate the vague it, they, is when, and is where. 1. In Oregon, they have passed a law which encourages the recycling of waste materials. 2. In the instruction manual, it explains how to operate an chewing machine. 3. Inflation is whenthe dollar is worth less than previously. 4. At the Farmers’ Auction Block is where they have many buyers of truck crops. Oregon has passed a law which … The instruction manual explains how to operate… Inflation occurs when the dollar is .... Many buyers of truck crops are at the Farmers’ Action Block.

21. practice 1. I went with Brad to Phil’s place because he wanted company. 2. Peter spoke to the assistant, and he was very rude. 3. The division manger always favored Sam. This angered the other employees. 4. John showed the news reporter how to take good pictures, and his pictures turned out beautifully. Because Brad wanted company, I went with him to Phil’s place. Peter spoke very rudely to the assistant. This action angered… the reporter’s pictures

22. 5. Gail hired the waitress, which was a wise move on her part. 6. After the electrician installed new switches in the motors, some of them did not work. 7. As the ferry boat approaches the tugboat, it blows a warning. Gail’s hiring of the waitress was a wise move on her part. Gail hired the waitress. This move was wise on her part. some of the switches did not work. The ferry boat blows a warning as it approaches the tugboat.

24. Compound Adjectives複合形容詞

25. A single adjective made up of two or more words is called a "compound adjective". • The words in a compound adjective are linked together by a hyphen (or hyphens) to show that they are part of the same adjective. • A compound adjective is a modifier of a noun. Compound adjectives do not always have hyphens.  • They are hyphenated to avoid confusion.

26. Types of hyphenated compound adjectives A、名詞為主的複合形容詞: 1. Adjective + Noun(including comparatives and superlatives) 2. Numeric+ Noun (Singular) 3. Noun + Noun (Adjectival phrases are often hyphenated to avoid confusion with nouns.) A red-light district.  A full-time employee.  A high-level requirement.  A large-scale development.  A shorter-term solution A seven-year itch.  A ten-storey building.  A five-minute walk A parent-teacher conference.  Some food-web dependencies.  A crude-oil processing.  An ice-cream shop

27. B、形容詞為主的複合形容詞: 1. Adjective + Adjective 2. Noun + Adjective A dark-green dress.  A bitter-sweet memory. A water-proof jacket.  A nation-wide campaign.  A duty-free shop.  A world-famous player.

28. C、分詞為主的複合形容詞: 主動語態 - 用現在分詞 被動語態 - 用過去分詞 1. Adjective+ Participle 2. Adverb + Participle 3. Noun + Participle 4. Numeric + Past Participle 5. Past Participle + Adverb 6. Past Participle + Preposition

29. 1. Adjective+ Participle (including comparatives and superlatives) 2. Adverb + Participle An ugly-looking goose = A goose which looks ugly. A snow-covered mountain = A mountain which is covered with snow. An eye-catching girl = A girl who catches people’s eyes. A never-ending story = A story which never ends. A well-paid salary.  A well-respected teacher

30. An adventure-packed quest = A quest which is packed with adventures. A home-made cookie.= The cookie was made at home. A heart-broken story. A fun-loving person. 3. Noun + Participle 4. Numeric + Past Participle 5. Past Participle + Adverb 6. Past Participle + Preposition A one-eyed bear.  A two-sided story A laid-off worker = A work who is laid off. A scaled-down operation. An agreed-upon solution.

31. We should not place a hyphen in a compound adjective if the adjectives are capitalized, such as when they are part of a title. • His book was entitled, "Gender Neutral Language in • English Usage," and it revolutionized the way people think • about sex roles. • However: His book on gender-neutral language • revolutionized the way people think about sex roles.

32. practice 1.This is a dress which was made by hand. This is a _________ dress. 2. It is a walk which takes just 7 minutes. It is just a ___________ walk. 3. I like the house which was painted brown. I like the ___________ house. 4. Can you see the star which is shining brightly? Can you see the _____________ star. 5. This is a cake which is made carefully. This is a ____________ cake. hand-made seven-minute brown-painted brightly-shining carefully-made

34. Sentences that are too long or too short

35. My favorite place to visit is my grandparents’ house near the lake where we love to fish and swim, and we often take the boat out on the lake. (Breaking the sentence into two can make your writing clearer and more interesting.) My favorite place to visit is my grandparents’ house near the lake. We love to fish and swim there, and we often take the boat out on the lake. (I). Too many long sentences: The following sentence may be confusing to read because of its length:

36. I knew my friends would throw me a party. It was for my birthday. There was something in the air. I felt it for a whole week before that. I was nervous. I was also very excited. I got home that night. My friends didn’t disappoint me. I walked in my house. All my friends yelled, “surprise!” To improve the above paragraph, you should join some of the short sentences using connectors. (II). Sentences that are too short: Too many short sentences often makes the writing sound choppy:

37. A good style often involves the combination of both short and long sentences. Because it was my birthday, I knew my friends would through me a party. There was something in the air for a whole week before that. I was nervous but excited when I got home that night. I wasn’t disappointed. When I walked in my house, all my friends yelled, “Surprise!”

40. Write As Much As Is Appropriate “The professional writer writes in plastic; the amateur writer writes in concrete.” this means that the professional works his sentences over and over, knowing that the first version is seldom the best.

41. One of the most common errors is using unnecessary words. What is the obvious problem of the following sentence? “Many uneducated citizens who have never attended school continue to vote for better schools.”

42. Other examples Each and every employee will report in writing and complete and turn in form number 402 by August 31 not later. Each employee will complete and turn in form 402 by August 31. (10 words saved) The employers cooperated together and endorsed a confirmation of the important essentials of the concurring agreement. The employers cooperated and endorsed the essentials of the agreement.

43. Meaningless and Ineffective Usages List of words/phrases that be made simpler:

49. practice checking 1. The clerk reviewed the statement for the purpose of checking for errors. 2. All the students must know the absolutely basic fundamentals of grammar. 3. The politician tried to make his influence felt among the citizens. 4. The bank teller asked the customer to endorse the check on the back. 5. The governor’s assistant gave a speech on the subject of the resources of Texas. 6. The patient was to take his medicine at regular intervals of time. fundamentals influence endorse the check a speech on regularly

50. Only →注意這個字在句子中的位置。 • 當你要表達"He kicked that ball only ten yards." 的意思時，切勿寫成"He only kicked that ball ten yards."