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Aquaculture Of Grouper

Aquaculture Of Grouper. Grouper in General. Found mostly on coral reefs, sometimes in estuaries, or rocky areas in the sub-tropical/tropical areas. (<100) Live long lives (>40), slow to grow, gets large Eats fish, crustaceans, cephalopods from lairs

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Aquaculture Of Grouper

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  1. Aquaculture Of Grouper

  2. Grouper in General • Found mostly on coral reefs, sometimes in estuaries, or rocky areas in the sub-tropical/tropical areas. (<100) • Live long lives (>40), slow to grow, gets large • Eats fish, crustaceans, cephalopods from lairs • Unless spawning lives alone on a stretch of reef. • Are sequential hermaphrodites • Prized for its meat.

  3. Water sweet water • Prefers=> • Tropical to Sub-tropical climes are preferred • Temperature: 28-30C • Salinity: 34.9 psu max • Well aerated water • Not much disturbance

  4. Life cycle • Spawn between May and August in a mass school after a migration • Larvae hatch within a few hours (plankton) • Move in ward to shallower more sheltered waters • Grows into a fingerling ( few cm- a finger length) • As they grow they go into deeper waters • Become a juvenile (female or immature male) • Eventually turns into a male

  5. Grouper Farming • Most developed in Asia. (Taiwan, China, Indonesia) • Grouper grows very fast in higher temps. • FCR=1.67:1 (Dried fish formula) • 6.00:1 (Trash Fish) • Hand fed (pan/two-four scoops scoops) • Robust in over crowded cages • Cost $1.27 per kg (fish formula) • $0.37 per kg (Trash Fish)

  6. Trouble Shooting(Disadvantages) • Aquaculture of grouper is not well organized • Still relies on seed caught out in ocean • Most of wild seed dies before and during farming 60,000t (fry, fingerling, juveniles)= 23,000t food • Contributes to species crash

  7. Advancements • Grouper hatcheries have recently been made to help meet demand. • Can now produce over 100-200,000 hatched seed per year. • Two-thirds of Taiwan production of grouper is from hatcheries • Survival rate of fry is still low 2-10% • Twenty thousand broodstock were required for the production of 20 million fingerling

  8. Getting kinky • Eggs come from low density brood ponds (Water is pumped from the coast) • Aerated with paddle wheels • Brood stock is fed on trash fish. • One female to two males. (replaced yearly) • Spawning last days to months • Eggs collected by a current and skimming net. (eggs= $166 per kg) • 24h after spawning eggs hatch

  9. Just keep floating(Hatchery) • Eggs held in Sea water that is being constantly aerated with out to much water disruption • Has mechanical, biological, and UV sterilizers attached. • Is temperature regulated. (28-30C) • Larvae open mouths on day three then fed supply of phytoplankton, oyster eggs, and small trochophore larvae till day forty then they eatartemias. • Kept at three larvae per liter. • Kept for forty days till Fingerlings (1 Fingerling = $1.10)

  10. Wonder were next(Nursery-Grow out) • Raised in circular tanks till 10g. • Natural light • Fed fishmeal pellets (high protein) • Lasts 30 days • Then to grow out tanks • Commercial grouper in Taiwan are 30cm and 600g or 1kg • Takes different species different times • E. lanceolatus= 6 months • E. Malabaricus= 12 months • E. coioides= 12-15 months • Once this size they go to culture cages

  11. Won’t live to be old(Before Sushi) • Once big enough the juveniles are placed in nets placed at the ocean end of an estuary or in the open ocean. • Low mortality rate. (80% survive) • Usually sold alive • Nets are emptied then cleaned every six months

  12. Taxonomy of the Harvest • Epinepheluscoioides= Orange-spotted grouper • Epinephelusmalabaricus= Malabar grouper • Epinepheluslanceolatus= Giant grouper • EpinephelusTauvina= Greasy grouper • Epinephelusfuscoguttatus= Brown-marbled grouper • EpinephelusAkaara= Honkong grouper • Epinephelusawoara= Yellow grouper • Epinephelusquoyanus= Longfin grouper • Epinephelustrimaculatus= Threespot grouper • Cromileptesaltivelis= Humpback grouper • Plectropomusleopardus= Leopard coral grouper

  13. Price Ranges • Orange-spotted grouper= $8–$11 per kg • Malabar grouper= $8-$11 per kg • Giant grouper= $15 per kg • Greasy grouper= $7-$12 per kg • Brown-marbled grouper= $15–$20 per kg • Honkonggrouper= $30–$40 per kg • Yellow grouper= $29.90 per kg • Longfingrouper= $24.99 per kg • Threespotgrouper= $13.89 per kg • Humpback grouper=$80–95 per kg • Leopard coral grouper= $30–$40 per kg

  14. Where they sell and why • Japan • China • Taiwan • Thailand • Malaysia • Indonesia • Philippines • Hong Kong • Are one of the most used species • in the world. • Is a multi-billion dollar business with • employees and all.

  15. Works CIted • Pierre, Gaillard, et al., Grouper aquaculture: Asian success and Mediterranean trials., 2007. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. • Sim, Phillips, et al., A Practical Guide to Feeds and • Feed Management for Cultured • Groupers., No. 2005–02, Asia-Pacific Marine Finfish Aquaculture Network • switchboard.nrdc.org

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