ICT in Society

1. ICT in Society Business and Commerce Produced by Thomas Simpson

2. ICT in Business Introduction • A business is an organisation that sells products/services in order to make a profit • Businesses of all types can use ICT to good effect whether it is a MNC or small firm in different areas of their work • Computer systems have the capacity to make a business more efficient, more cost-effective and responsive to the needs of its customers

3. Research and Development Work undertaken to find new concepts and improvements that could be applied to new or current product(s)/ service(s) Design Working out the form of the product(s)/service(s) to enable the next stage to be successful Manufacturing Is the transformation of raw materials into finished goods ready for sale. This can be both a product or service Marketing A means to create awareness of a product / service that encourages the recipient to use the product or service Distribution The process of transporting goods that are sold or due to be sold from the producer to the consumer Sales and Feedback Sales is the act of selling goods, and analysis of customer feedback to improve likelihood of sale Key Elements of a Business A business can be split up into 6 major sections Each of these sections can use ICT in different ways to improve there efficiency or function. What is the function of each section? Elements of a Business

4. ICT in Research and Development • Computer analysis of existing sales data can provide insights on likely markets for new products or services • New product designs can be modelled using software to simulate and test products services in a virtual environment

5. Advantages of ICT in Research and Development • Using previous sales data generated from EPOS means that new graphs and charts do not need to continually made • ICT allows research and development to happen in a ‘renewable environment’ for example within an IBM eServer. This means that possible developments to new products / services can be simulated using software • This is often used instead of pilot schemes or prototypes as is more cost effective in the long run.

6. Disadvantages of ICT in Research and Development • EPOS systems need to be incorporated into every sale outlet for the system to give a true reflection of product performance. This in some cases means that MNC refuse to allow smaller outlets stock their newer products • Virtual environments can be very expensive to buy initially. The people who use them also need to be highly trained in using them

7. ICT in Design • Computer Aided Design (CAD) software allows designers to create detailed designs of a product. • This can be emailed to mangers and amended following feedback. • Final designs can then be integrated with Computer Aided Manufacture (CAM) software

8. Advantages of ICT in Design • CAD allows mistakes and misfits to be detected before the product goes to manufacture. This means that the time taken from designing to manufacture is far less. also as a result of the process being quicker it saves money. • It also permits easy modification and adaptation. Design drawings can easily be changed to match any amendments made. • Some Software now incorporates features that automatically creates a working drawing of a product made using CAD.

9. Disadvantages of ICT in Design • CAD software requires its users to be trained how to use the software. This is because it has features within it that make it hard to pick up just through trial and error • CAD software is often expensive due to its use in industry and possibility to create high profits.

10. ICT in Manufacturing • CAM can produce precise accurate components with little tolerance • Control systems can also be used to maintain environmental conditions in a manufacturing plant

11. Advantages of ICT in Manufacturing • Using CAM means that products can be made non stop as they do not tire. • As a result of not tiring, CAM also means that product quality is assured with each item made being identical to the next. • Using machines results in no labour costs. This means that in the long run, the company has bigger profit margins

12. Disadvantages of ICT in Manufacturing • Setup costs are very high for such manufacture with most scaleable machines costing anything above ten thousand pound. • When new products are to be made it means that the hardware need to be recalibrated, this takes skilled employees • Some see CAM unethical as its it replaces workforces with a cheaper alternative, meaning thousands lose their jobs

13. ICT in Marketing • Direct mailing has proved to be a successful way of informing customers of new products/services using processes like mail merge • Websites have also formed a means of advertising space that informs customers about current products /services and promotions

14. Advantages of ICT in Marketing • Direct mail has proved to be a cost effective way of generating awareness and boosting sales of a particular company. • Its easy of use and options for overseas investment mean it is popular with new and up and coming businesses. • Websites have now become set in stone as a place to find out about a company. It rapidly becoming the first stop for potential new customers

15. Disadvantages of ICT in Marketing • Some people see direct mail a waste of resources and time. According to research conducted in Which? Magazine 89% of direct mail sent through the post is unread. • Direct mail has also meant unemployment as call centres are relocated overseas where labour is cheaper. • Websites always need to be updated to be useful, this requires skilled staff

16. ICT in Distribution • A stock control system can be used to ensure that the supply of products to sales point is guaranteed. This is known as ‘just-in-time’ stocking (as soon as a item is sold, a replacement is ordered). • Hand held PDA’s can also be used by delivery staff when delivering recording a digital signature from customer as confirmation of acceptance. This can then be uploaded into a data base

17. Advantages of ICT in Distribution • Just-in-time stocking is a major benefit to big companies as it allows for a large variety of products to be put on sale but takes up little room. • This means that companies can offer wide choice meaning customers are more likely to purchase something. • PDA’s mean that delivery records can be combined in a database. Mail merged stickers can be printed on boxes to ensure that they are delivered to the right place

18. Disadvantages of ICT in Distribution • Just-in-time can be tricky to set up as finding the optimum number of items to store at one time varies depending on a variety factors like marketing. • High demand of a particular product can cause big waiting lists which leads to customer dissatisfaction • Also if the system goes down then manual measures have to take over which are less efficient. • PDA’s can cause problem to customers who are ICT illiterate.

19. ICT in Sales and Feedback • Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS) systems can be installed at sales outlets. These provide swift feedback on sales performance of different products • This data ca then be analysed using spreadsheet software to help the research and development section

20. Advantages of ICT in Sales and Feedback • Data collected from the EPOS means that future products / services can be attempted to be made successful and ultimately more profitable. • The findings can then be passed on to research and development section for the cycle to start again in the effort to make more money • Graphs and statistical analysis software allows presentations made to managers are professional. Further more, these presentations are statistically accurate taking less time to construct

21. Disadvantages of ICT in Sales and Feedback • For sales figures that give a representation of all product / service sales, EPOS must be installed at every outlet. This can prove expensive to small businesses. • Statistical analysis can sometimes detract from true performance and be manipulated to represent a more pleasant outcome. • Some think that is better to have an idea of your market in your head as opposed to what statistics say.

22. Conclusion • ICT can used in a variety of ways within a business. Its presence in some areas of business is more important than other areas, depending on the business. • Its use can mean that businesses improve there efficiency and ultimately their profits. • However, it often requires investment and usually takes time to pay off its cost.