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Understanding Matter: Atoms, Elements, and Reactions

Explore the fundamentals of matter in chemistry, including atoms, electron shells, the periodic table, metals, non-metals, physical and chemical properties, compounds, mixtures, solutions, acids, bases, salts, and chemical reactions.

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Understanding Matter: Atoms, Elements, and Reactions

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  1. Chemistry Matter is the Stuff around You

  2. Atoms are indivisible • Atoms have three parts • Protons are part of the nucleus and have a positive charge • Neutrons are part of the nucleus and have no charge • Electrons orbit around the nucleus and have a negative charge

  3. Electron Shells • Electrons travel around the nucleus in orbital shells • When an atom looses or gains an electron, it becomes an ion

  4. Periodic Table Organizes Elements

  5. Periodic Table Organizes Elements

  6. Periods • All of the elements in a period (row) have the same number of atomic shells for their electrons

  7. Groups • All of the elements in a group (column) have the same number of electrons in their outer shell • These elements share similar characteristics

  8. Non-metals • Non-metals are usually poor conductors of heat and electricity • They are too brittle for shaping into wire or sheets • Examples: Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen

  9. Metals • Conduct electricity and heat well • Can be molded and stretched into wire • Form compounds easily • Some are magnetic • Some corrode and some shine

  10. Examples of Metals • Aluminum Al • Iron Fe • Copper Cu • Silver Ag • Gold Au

  11. Alloys • Mixtures of metals are called alloys • Examples of alloys are • Brass: Copper & Zinc • Bronze: Copper, Tin • Steel: Iron and Carbon

  12. Matter has physical and chemical properties

  13. Physical Properties - Solids • Solids have molecules very close together and they vibrate in place • Have a definite size and shape

  14. Liquids • Liquids have molecules loosely spaced and they move more rapidly • Have definite size • Shape is same as container

  15. Gases • Gases have molecules very far apart and they are very rapid • They fill whatever container they are in • No definite size and shape

  16. More Physical Properties • Color (blue, red) • Texture (rough, smooth) • Hardness (hard, soft) • Magnetic attraction (iron, nickel, & cobalt) • Specific gravity • Melting point

  17. Chemical Properties • Reaction with an acid (baking soda and vinegar) • Reaction with oxygen (paper burns, nail rusts) • Reaction with electricity (light from a fluorescent tube)

  18. Atoms Combine with other Atoms

  19. Elements • Elements are substances made up of only one kind of atom • Examples • Helium He • Oxygen O2

  20. Molecules • Molecules are made up of two or more atoms • The smallest part of a substance that keeps all the properties of that substance • Sugar C6H12O6 • Water H2O • Oxygen O2 • Carbon dioxide CO2

  21. Compounds • Compounds are substances made up of two or more elements • Each element loses its own physical and chemical properties • NaCl (table salt) no longer has the properties of sodium or chlorine

  22. Mixtures • Mixtures are substances made up of two or more elements or compounds • Mixtures do not lose their physical or chemical properties • Air is a mixture of Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, and rare gases • Sand and water is a mixture • All the elements in a mixture can be returned to their original state

  23. Solutions • Solutions are mixtures of two or more substances where the molecules of one are spread out evenly between the molecules of the other • Sugar water is a solution • Salt in water is a solution

  24. Acids • Acids, when in water, will release positively charged hydrogen ions (ions are electrically charged atoms) • Lemon, vinegar, aspirin • Sour taste (unsafe to do) • Blue litmus paper turns red

  25. Bases • Bases, when in water will release negatively charged hydroxide ions • Draino, Ammonia • Bitter taste (unsafe to do) • Feels soapy or slippery • Red litmus paper turns blue

  26. Salts • Salts are formed when a base and an acid combine • Hydrochloric acid (acid) + Sodium Hydroxide (base) makes Sodium chloride (salt) and water

  27. Reactions • There are chemical and physical reactions

  28. Chemical Reactions • Chemical reactions cause a change in the chemical properties of matter. A new substance is formed • Iron + oxygen changes to iron oxide (rust on a nail) • Silver + sulfur changes to silver sulfide (tarnish on a spoon)

  29. Chemical Reaction Indicators • Color change • Precipitate forms • Fizzing or bubbling • A different odor is produced • Heat or light is given off

  30. Physical Reactions • Physical reactions change only the physical properties of matter. No new substance is formed • Matter changes size or shape (wood to toothpick) • Change in state (liquid evaporates to a gas)

  31. Conservation of Matter • In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed • Products look different from reactants • Discovered by Lavoisier

  32. Photosynthesis • Photosynthesis is the process by which plants change energy from the sun into sugar and water. • Energy + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O changed into C6H12O6 + 6 O2

  33. Cellular respiration • Cellular respiration is the process by which living organisms break down sugar into energy. • C6H12O6 + 6O2 changed into 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

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