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Big budgets Made by groups Traditional techniques For mainstream audiences Marketing concerns dominate Narrative structure Mimetic Linear Reflect Western tradition/ norms Support dominant beliefs Made by artists from dominant social groups Small budgets Made by individuals
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Big budgets Made by groups Traditional techniques For mainstream audiences Marketing concerns dominate Narrative structure Mimetic Linear Reflect Western tradition/ norms Support dominant beliefs Made by artists from dominant social groups Small budgets Made by individuals Non-traditional techniques Small scale exhibitions Aesthetic concerns dominate Non-narrative Abstract or associational form Non-linear Reflect alternative lifestyles Challenge dominant beliefs Made by artists from margins Traditional Experimental
2D modes of Animation • Cameraless animation • Drawing & painting • - on paper, cel & glass • Cutout & collage • Silhouette • Under - lit sand • Pin-board • Strata-cut & wax • Photomontage
Cameraless Animation Direct on film animation is made by working directly on the surface of clear, white or black film-leader, or on pieces of exposed and developed film containing other images. Techniques include; scratching, drawing, painting, printing, piercing, stenciling, bleaching…even burning Len Lye, Norman McLaren, Caroline Leaf, Stan Brakage, Harry Smith, Barbel Neubauer.
--Images Norman McLaren“Begone Dull Care” (1949) Two Sisters (1990), by Caroline Leaf
Cutout & Collage ‘Frank Film’(1976) by Frank Mouris ‘Sophie’s Place’ (1987)by Larry Jordan
‘Battle at Kerzhenets’(Russia, 1971) Ivan-Ivanov-Vano & Yuri Norstein
Hedgehog in Fog Yuri Norstein ‘The Hedgehog in the Fog’ (Russia,1975)
Yuri Norstein ‘Tale of Tales’ (Russia, 1979)
Silhouette Animation ‘Die Abenteuer des Prinzen Achmed’ Lotte Reiniger, (Germany, 1926)
Under-lit Sand “The Owl who Married a Goose”,(1974)Caroline Leaf
Ernest & Gisele Ansorge Under-lit sand
Strata-cut & wax David Daniels, “Buzz Box”, (1986)
Pin Board Animation Front half of cover illustration by Jacques Drouin from the Tribute to Louise Beaudet issue of the ASIFA-Canada magazine (September 1996)
Drawing & Painting ‘The Janitor’ (1993) by Vanessa Schwartz ‘The Ride to the Abyss’(1992) by Georges Schwizgebel