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Human Reproduction

Learn about the menstrual cycle, from menstruation to ovulation and beyond, and how testosterone influences male reproductive development and characteristics. Understand the hormonal processes and physiological changes involved in human reproduction.

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Human Reproduction

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  1. Human Reproduction 6.6

  2. Male Reproductive System

  3. The role of testosterone • During week 7 of embryonic development, testosterone intiates the formation of male genitalia • During the midteens testosterone intiates the development of male secondary sex characteristics • Increase in muscle mass • Increase in the length of the vocal chords (voice deepens) • Increase in the length of the bones (height) • Spermatogenesis (creation of sperm) • Facial hair

  4. Female Reproductive System

  5. The menstrual cycle ·The menstrual cycle is regulated by hormones of the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and ovaries http://health.howstuffworks.com/sexual-health/female-reproductive-system/menstruation.htm

  6. Menstruation Phase (The egg or ovum from the previous cycle was not fertilized) ·The endometrium is shed - the inner lining of the uterus that becomes highly vascular (rich with blood vessels) so that a fertilized egg can implant. - break down of blood vessels leads to the menstrual bleeding of a typical cycle.

  7. Menstruation Phase ·Hypothalamus releases Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH). - target tissue of GnRH is the anterior pituitary ·GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Lutenizing Hormone (LH) - target tissue of FSH and LH are the ovaries.

  8. Preovulatory (Proliferative) Phase ·FSH stimulates the development of a few follicles in the ovary - Follicles are immature egg cells in the ovaries that are in the process of going through meiosis in order to become oocytes (mature eggs) ·In response to FSH and LH the ovaries produce the hormone estrogen. - the target tissue of estrogen is the endometrium of the uterus. - results in endometrium becoming highly vascular. ·Spike in FSH and LH leads to ovulation (release of oocyte from a follicle)

  9. Postovulatory (Secretory) Phase ·the outer ring of cells from the ruptured follicle remain in the ovary and become the corpus luteum - a glandular structure that fills in the 'wound' left by ovulation - produces progesterone for 10-12 days after ovulation ·Progesterone targets the uterus to maintain the thickened endometrium - also provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus to prevent production of GnRH http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter28/animation__maturation_of_the_follicle_and_oocyte.html

  10. Postovulatory (Secretory) Phase ·If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates and ceases production of hormones, causing menstruation ·If fertilization does occur, implantation occurs in the uterus on about the third day after fertilization

  11. Overview • The menstrual cycle • The menstrual cycle is regulated by hormones of the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and ovaries • During the menstrual phase, in which the endometrium is shed, Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) is released from hypothalamus, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Lutenizing Hormone (LH) • FSH stimulates the development of a few follicles in the ovary

  12. Overview • Follicles are cells that are in the process of going through meiosis in order to become oocytes (mature eggs) • During the preovulatory phase, the developing follicles secrete estrogens • The follicle completes maturation due to stimulation by LH and FSH • The postovulatory phase occurs after ovulation, and LH stimulates development of the corpus luteum

  13. Overview • The corpus luteum produces progesterone, and some estrogens • If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates and ceases production of hormones, causing menstruation • If fertilization does occur, implanation occurs in the uterus on about the third day after fertilization • Membranes produce hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) which signal pregnancy

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