AFRICAN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

1. AFRICAN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

2. The Nile River • Longest River in the World • White Nile and Blue Nile meet in Sudan to form the Nile River • Flows northward, emptying in the Mediterranean Sea • Without the annual flooding in Egypt land would not be arable

3. The Nile THE NILE RIVER Lower Nile Upper Nile

4. SUEZ CANAL • Located in Egypt • Divides the mainland Egypt from the Sinai Peninsula • Connects the Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea • One third the distance that it was before

5. SUEZ CANAL

6. SAHARA DESERT • Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world • Why 1. On the Tropic of Cancer 2. Permanent high pressure system 3. Rain Shadow by Atlas Mountains

7. SAHARA DESERT • There are two main types of landscape in the Sahara • Erg – sand dunes • Reg – gravel covered plain

8. SAHEL • Semi-arid region just south of the Sahara • Dry grasslands with scattered trees • Desertification is a growing problem • Growing of the desert caused by climate changes and over grazing

9. SAVANNAS • Tropical grasslands with scattered trees and shrubs • This is where many of the African Safaris take place • Large populations of wildlife • Serengeti – means “endless plains” • Largest mammal migration and game reserve

11. Tsetse Fly The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly • Bad – Carries a disease the make its victims (humans and domesticated animal) have “Sleeping Sickness” • Good – Wildlife are immune. Humans and livestock avoid some of these areas creating a natural game preserve

12. CONGO RIVER BASIN • Located near the equator in central and western Africa • This is where the majority of Africa’s tropical rain forests are located

13. The Great Rift Valley • Located in Eastern Africa • Largest Rift Valley in the world • Caused by the diverging Indian Tectonic Plate • Surrounding lakes and rivers are very deep

14. Mount Kilimanjaro: • Africa’s highest mountain at 19,341 feet • Located on the Equator in Tanzania near Kenya • Formed by volcanic activity from the Great Rift Valley • Only year round snow capped mountain in Africa • Known in Swahili as “Shining Mountain”

15. Lake Victoria • Located in the middle of the Great Rift Valley of Eastern Africa • It is a shallow depression • Largest lake in Africa

16. Victoria Falls • Forms a border between Zambia and Zimbabwe • Largest waterfall in the world

17. Okavango Swamp/River • Worlds largest inland river delta • River is absorbed by the Kalahari Desert • Large game reserve in the desert

18. Kalahari Desert • Largest Desert in southern Africa • Has many oasis which makes it habitable • Oasis – vegetated areas in a desert caused by fresh water springs

19. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE • Southern mot point of Africa • Converging currents from the Indian and Atlantic Oceans make waters dangerous for sailing but great wildlife Only Place in the world Great Whites breach South African Penguins

20. Africa Physical Geography • Mediterranean Sea • Strait of Gibraltar • Suez Canal • Red Sea • Gulf of Aden • Indian Ocean • Atlantic Ocean • Congo River • Nile River • Lake Victoria • Atlas Mountains • Ahaggar Mountains • Mount Kilimanjaro • Sahara Desert • Sahel • Great Rift Valley • Victoria Falls • Okavango River • Kalahari Desert • Cape of Good Hope

21. Southern Africa

22. Why is Swaziland not an enclave? Lesotho – is a political enclave (Country within a country)

23. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE • Cape of Good Hope is often considered the southern most point of Africa • Cape Agulhas is 50 miles south (the true southern point) Only place in the world Great Whites breach South African Penguins

24. Southern African Tribal History • Bantu tribe • First in the region in A.D. 100 • Hunter-gatherers and herders • First to learn how to make iron tools • Zimbabwe tribe • Farmers and raised cattle • Sotho tribe established in the 1800’s in what is now the country of Lesotho • Zulu tribe was established to the east • 1820’s Zulu kingdom grow under leadership of Shaka Zulu

25. European’s in South Africa • Portuguese first sailed the shores of Africa in search of a trade route to Asia in the late 1400’s. • Due to dense vegetation, disease, and no navigable river they never settled inland

26. European’s in South Africa • 1652 Dutch settled the Cape of Good Hope • Later German’s and French joined (sympathized with Nazi’s in WWII) • Called Boers - Dutch word for farmers • They later became known as Afrikaners • Their language was a combination of European and native words called Afrikaans Dutch = Boers = Afrikaners

27. South African History • British overtook the coast of South Africa in the 1814 • The Afrikaners moved into the interior • Afrikaners fought Bantu tribes for land

28. The Eureka Stone • 1866 a boy found a 21.25 carat stone • It was named the Eureka Stone • “I have found it” • South Africa is the world’s leading producer of gold • They are fifth in Diamond production Kimberly mine caved in 1873 after just a couple years of digging

29. BOER WAR • Both the British and the Afrikaners (Boers) wanted control of the region’s wealth • Boer War 1899-1902

30. British/Afrikaner Conflict • Many Bores (Afrikaners) were placed in concentration camps by the British during and after the war • Afrikaners never forgave the British for their treatment

32. APARTHEID • 1912 African Nation Congress (ANC) was formed • Helped black rights • Native Land Act 1913 (by Afrikaners) • first offical separation of blacks and white in South African • 1948 Afrikaner Government took over • Apartheid becomes law– separates black and white South African’s

33. South African History Nelson Mandela became the leader of the ANC (African Nation Congress) • 1964 he was arrested • U.S. and other countries placed sanctions - boycott on economic goods and services with S.A. • 1990 he was released • 1994 became first black president • Mandela ended Apartheid and reformed the government

34. TODAY SOUTH AFRICA has the highest GDP in Africa

36. POVERTY IS STILL A MAJOR PROBLEM

37. HIV • South Africa has the largest population with HIV in the world • 5.7 million people have HIV • 350,000 die each year

39. SPORTS IN SOUTH AFRICA ALL SURFERS

40. WESTERN

41. Tribal Empires • Three major empires of Western Africa are the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai • Why would their location lead to economic growth?

42. Ghana Empire • At A.D. 800 Ghana is one of earliest empire • Gold, cloths, food and slaves were the primary trade • Islam was brought through trade route • A.D. 1200 the Mali became the most powerful • Tombouctou(Timbuktu)– became the primate city for the Mali empire

43. SLAVERY • Some forms of slavery has existed in Africa for as long as there has been written history • Many tribes were in competition for the same hunting grounds and water sources, thus warfare was common • The defeated were killed (men) or enslaved (women)

45. SLAVERY CONTINUE • Europeans came to the West coast of Africa in the late 1400’s • WHY? • Trade route to Asia • Why did the Europeans stay on the coast? • Few navigable rivers • They were sailors • The natives caught the slaves for them for trade • Malaria

46. Middle Passage

47. Colonialism and the Slave Trade

48. Major Issues of Sub-Saharan Africa 1. Poverty • Poor to no industry • Drought 2. Civil WarTribal conflict • Colonization • Berlin Conference • Political Corruption • Diamonds, gold, world support

49. World Map of H.I.V • 3. Diseases • - HIV • - Malaria