Eastern Europe 600-1450 Byzantine Empire & Russia

1. Eastern Europe 600-1450 Byzantine Empire & Russia

2. Eastern Europe (Ch.9)

3. Map Exercise • The Byzantine Empire under Justinian

4. The Byzantine Empire, 1000-1100

6. Eastern Europe: Byzantium & Orthodox

7. Eastern Europe: Byzantium & Orthodox Roman Emperor Constantine built Constantinople as capital in the 4th century • Capital of Byzantine Empire after the Roman Empire split around 324CE (Middle Ages) • After the fall of the western empire in 476 CE; the Eastern Roman Empire [Romania] lasted until 1453 by Ottoman • Culture: Hellenism • Greek eventually became the empire’s official language • Lacked Innovative literary forms • Large and wealthy merchant class, but it never gained significant political power because of the bureaucracy • Luxury products, such as silk, cloth and carpets

8. Eastern Europe: Byzantium & Orthodox • Justinian I (450-527) Justinian Dynasty (518-602) Contributions: • Re-conquered most of the old Western Roman Empire • Brilliant general Belisarius • Rebuilt Constantinople • Hagia Sophia • Codification the Roman legal code (His Greatest Historical Achievement) • Updated by later emperors, helped spread its legal principles to various parts of Europe • Justinian successors were able to hold off Arab & Bulgaria (Bulgars) invaders, but the empire’s size & strength was greatly reduced Expansion during Justinian's reign

9. New Weapon : “Greek Fire” • Ancient “Napalm”: • Petroleum, Quicklime, and Sulfur mixture

10. Eastern Europe: Byzantium & Orthodox • Byzantine political system: • Emperor was held to be ordained by God • Head of the Church, Head of State • Women could serve as emperor • Empress Irene (r. 797-802) • Zoe & Theodora (1028-1050 CE) • Elaborate bureaucracy (Byzantine) • Organized the empire militarily, socially, and economically • Cultural life blended Hellenism and Orthodox Christianity

11. Eastern Europe: Byzantium & Orthodox The Bulgar-slayer Basil II • Sophisticated bureaucracy • Open to all classes • Provincial governors • Government Economic Control • Regulation of food prices & trade • Large peasant class – supplying goods • Large tax revenues • Trade networks • Asia, Russia, Scandinavia, Europe, & Africa • Silk production increased • Techniques & silkworms originally China • Large merchant class never gained power • Arts • Distinct Byzantine style rich colored icon mosaics of religious figures and leaders • Creativity in architecture Roman domed buildings Hellenism

12. Eastern Europe: Byzantium & Orthodox Great Schism (East-West Schism) • In 1054, the Catholic church of the west and the Orthodox Church of the East agreed to split (Mutual excommunication): • List of disagreements: • Filioque Cause- Trinity • (Rome modified Nicene Creed without Eastern approval) • Pope Authority over all four Eastern patriarchs/ Jurisdiction • Differences Eastern Orthodox Divine Liturgy and Catholic Mass • (Unleavened bread, with or w/o yeast) • Celibacy among Western priests

13. Eastern Europe: Byzantium & Orthodox • 400 years of decline following the Schism and the Battle of Manzikert: • Seljuk Turks –Took most of the Asian provinces: • 1071, Battle of Manzikert, Byzantine Emperor Romanos IV was defeated by Great Seljuq Alp Arslan (Stepped on his neck!) • Slavic states emerge • Appeal to West brings crusaders • 1204, Greedy Venetian crusaders sack Constantinople instead of Holy Land! • Ottoman Turks • 1453, Constantinople taken • By 1461 the empire was gone The Byzantine Empire 1000-1100

14. Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe • The Emergence of KievanRus' • Started along the trade route between Scandinavia & Constantinople • Slavs from Asia migrated north along Dnieper River • Iron working, extended • Better than west until 11oos! • Agriculture, rich soils of the Ukraine & Western Russia • Mix with earlier populations • Family tribes, villages • Folk music & oral legends • Regional Kingdoms • Animistic • 6th & 7th centuries • Scandinavian merchants • Trade between Byzantines and the North East European Kingdoms and Slavic Expansion, c. 1000

15. Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe • Influence conquest, conversion, & trade: • 864, Saints Cyril & Methodius • Missionaries to Slavs • Invented Cyrillic script Slavic alphabet • Increased literacy in the Balkans • Allowed Slavs to use of their language/literature religiously • The East Central Borderlands • Competition from Catholics (Latin Alphabet/speech) and Orthodox Greeks • Czechs, Hungary, Poland • Catholics prevailed throughout • Regional monarchies prevail • Kingdoms in Poland, Bohemia, & Lithuania more territory than west… • Active area for trade & industry • Jews fleeing intolerance in western Europe • Stressed education & literacy

16. Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe • 855 CE Monarchy under Rurik (Legend) • Center at Kiev • Prosperous trading center • Vladimir I (980-1015) • Converts to Orthodoxy around 1000 CE • Mass Baptisms & forced conversions • Controls church (Start of the Russian Orthodox Church) • Yaroslav issued unifying code of laws (Byzantine Example) • Known as Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054) • Institutions and Culture in KievanRus‘ (Russian) • Orthodox influence • Built more ornate churches, Icons & incense , Monogamy, & Monasticism • Influenced by Byzantine patterns • Bureaucracy & Education not as developed • Art, literature dominated by religion & royalty • Used the Cyrillic alphabet, • Free farmers were predominant • But there was a aristocratic landlord class: Boyars, • Lords less powerful than in the West

17. Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe • Kievan Decline • Decline from 12th century • Rival princes & governments • Succession struggles • Main trading partner also in decline … • Mongols (Tartars) 13th century, take territory & usher in new period • The End of an Era in Eastern Europe • Two centuries of rule: • Disrupted social structure • East and West further separated • Placed in a disadvantage politically, economically, & cultural sophistication, • Traditional culture survived • Continuity church & aristocratic class

18. Differences Between East West Europe • Produced different versions of Christianity • Orthodox Church • Roman Catholic Church • Culturally Different • Hellenism • Mixed until later Western Culture • Organizationally separate • Theocracy • Feudalism • Difference in the military organization • Byzantine recruited armies from the Middle East. • Western Roman empires home gown