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Tree Architecture and Growth

Tree Architecture and Growth. Part 2. Secondary Growth. Cambium Wood (Xylem) Phloem Stem and branches. Cambium. Cambial meristem Xylem To the inside Phloem To the outside. Xylem and Phloem. Xylem Wood Water transport Mass transport Phloem Chemical transport Source – sink

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Tree Architecture and Growth

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  1. Tree Architecture and Growth Part 2

  2. Secondary Growth • Cambium • Wood (Xylem) • Phloem • Stem and branches

  3. Cambium • Cambial meristem • Xylem • To the inside • Phloem • To the outside

  4. Xylem and Phloem • Xylem • Wood • Water transport • Mass transport • Phloem • Chemical transport • Source – sink • Active loading

  5. Xylem • Tracheids • Gymnosperms • Vessels • angiosperms

  6. Piece of conifer wood with four annual rings. Meaning of the letters:TR = transverse sectionR = radial sectionTA = tangential section B = barkAR = annual ringE = early woodL = late wood c = cambiumr = rayrd = resin duct After Strasburger (1967): Lehrbuch der Botanik Conifer Wood

  7. Conifer wood After T.L. Rost et al (1979): Botany, a brief introduction to plant biology.

  8. Black walnut (Fred Sutherland)

  9. Early wood – Late wood • Early wood • Laid down first • Lighter • Less dense • Late wood • Laid down later • darker in color • denser

  10. Juvenile wood • Wood formed under the influence of the apical meristem in the live crown • Mature Wood • Wood formed lower down the stem where the influence of the live crown is much less • Juvenile-mature wood distinction is completely different from heartwood-sapwood distinction. • Juvenile wood is formed throughout the life of the tree not just in young trees.

  11. BC Ministry of Forests - Research Branch - Forest Productivity Section

  12. Reaction wood • Hardwoods • Tension wood • Conifers • Compression wood

  13. Compressionwood

  14. Compression Wood

  15. Compression Wood

  16. Callous Wood • Formed after an injury • Fire scars

  17. Ring Widths • Crossectional area • Matter of geometry • Distance from crown • Mechanical stimulation

  18. R R’ A A’ B’ B If new wood = 75 If tree had diameter of 5 then ring width = 5 If tree had diameter of 11 then ring width = 3 Area of old tree (radius=A) =  A2 Area of new tree (radius=R) =  (A+B)2 Ring (new growth) =  (A+B)2 -  A2

  19. Stem Form Ring Area

  20. Stem Form Ring Width

  21. Priorities for Photosynthate • Respiration • Foliage – Fine Roots • {Reproduction} • Primary Growth • Secondary Growth – Secondary Compounds

  22. Incomplete rings • Cambial mortality • False rings

  23. Taper

  24. Knots • Live knots • Dead knots

  25. Live Knots – Dead Knots

  26. Stem Quality Considerations • Straightness • Ring characteristics • Density • Knots

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