Warm-Up: Let’s Review!

1. Warm-Up: Let’s Review! Have your COMPOSITIONNOTEBOOKS out & use them to answer the following questions: • What legal concept was the result of the Supreme Court decision in Marbury v. Madison? • The debate over what 2 issues led to the formation of the first political parties in the United States? • Name 2 of the warnings in George Washington’s “Farewell Address.” • What British policy contributed directly to the War of 1812? • The XYZ Affair was a result of tension between diplomats of the United States and what country?

2. A Look Ahead… • Today we will start Unit 2: Expansion & Reform • Next class I will have a Unit Calendar for you to glue in your Comp. Book • Attendance bonuses start this week! • IF TIME, you may see your SCORE from TEST 1

3. Today: • Warm Up • Life in America PowerPoint • Postcard Activity

4. Composition Books • We will be using these everyday for Warm-Ups, Notes, Activities, and Reflections • You can leave them in the box under the front table IF YOU WANT • YOU are responsible for having it with you everyday • On each test day, I will check your CompositionBooksfor completion

5. Essential Questions: • What did life look like for Americans in the early years of our nation? • What led to the regional differences that ultimately defined the Civil War?

6. Today: • Open up your composition notebook to the first full page (you will need BOTH sides) • Fold both the LEFT & RIGHT sheets in half, “hot-dog” style • On the LEFT PAGE: • Label one column: “North” • Label one column: “South” • On the RIGHT PAGE: • Label one column: “Urban” • Label one column: “Rural” • You will use these categories to organize your notes today • By the end of the period, your notes should include atleast all of the terms & concepts listed on the board

7. What do you already know? • What sort of economy was MOST common in the North? • What about the South? • How did their economies influence the regions ideas about slavery?

8. Industrial Revolution • First begins in Great Britain during the late 1700s • One of the most dramatic changes in HUMAN HISTORY! • Mechanization of labor • Use of machines or manually-run machines in place of human craftsmanship • Energy & transportation were key • Turning coal into iron & steel • Railroads, canals, etc. allow for trade and movement of goods • Steam power and water wheels • Puts North ahead of South due to fast moving rivers

9. ……in the United States • For much of it’s early history, the United States economy was based on agriculture in the North & South • Two events are going to spur the Industrial Revolution • Jefferson’s Embargo Act of 1807 • War of 1812 • Why might these events encourage industry and manufacturing?

10. Mass Production • EliWhitney’sinterchangeable parts will transform manufacturing as we know it • Presents his musket to President Adams in 1801 • Make the same product, over and over again, with more speed & efficiency • No longer need skilled craftsmen, but laborers • Leads to a growth in factories, for a variety of products

12. New England • New England – in the North – is going to enjoy the greatest benefits from the Industrial Revolution • Agriculture had not been as profitable as it was in the South • Turned to shipping & trade • After War of 1812, turns to manufacturing • Samuel Slater • British Immigrant • Lived in Rhode Island • Establishes mechanized factory • First to succeed • Made thread only • 1793

13. Lowell Mill • Three men from Boston will almost single-handedly change the American textile industry • Francis Cabot Lowell, Nathan Appleton, Patrick Tracy Jackson • In 1813, they will open the first factory that will produce all of the stages in making textile (cloth) • Lowell, Massachusetts • Named after Francis Cabot Lowell • LowellMill is the symbol of IndustrialRevolution in US

15. Lowell Girls • Thousands of people would move to Lowell in search of work in the mills • Mostly youngwomen who came due to family farms struggling • Lived in “boarding houses” • Strict curfews • Behavior closely monitored • Church attendance was taken! • Conditions in the mills were bad (dark, damp, dangerous!) • By 1838, 95% of New England’s work force in the mills was women • Why women?

16. Quote from Lowell Girl “…wehave to go to bed about 10. o'clock. At half past 4 in the morning the bell rings for us to get up and at five for us to go into the mill. At seven we are called out to breakfast are allowed half an hour between bells and the same at noon till the first of May when we have three quarters [of an hour] till the first of September. We have dinner at half past 12and supper at seven.” -Mary Paul, letter to father, 1846 Sounds like the good life, right? … Maybe not

17. “Cotton is King” • At this time, the South has little reason to industrialize. • Cashcrops were becoming highly lucrative • Sugar, cotton, tobacco • COTTON GIN (1793) • Eli Whitney – again! • Short for “cotton engine” • Short-staple cotton • Easier to grow, but hard to “clean” • Whitney solves this dilemma!

19. Slavery • The cotton gin does great things for the Southern economy, but it will also lead to an expansion in slavery • Plantation owners can now grow more and more cotton, needing more slaves to pick and clean the cotton • Cotton gin also made farming easier for poor, non-slaveholder farmers • “Cotton Kingdom” will grow in states like Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana • Cotton production UP = Slave population UP

20. “American System” • As we have seen, the North and South are becoming more and more different • “How can we unify?” • In 1815, President James Madison presents an economic plan to congress • TRANSPORTATION & INFRASTRUCTURE; • Define infrastructure • PROTECTIVE TARIFF; • What is a tariff? • RESTORE NATIONAL BANK (had weakened during Jefferson) • Henry Clay dubs this the “American System”

21. Infrastructure • Railroads • 1st steam engine is built in 1825 • Advantages of rail? • National Road • Federal government “experiment” • Began in 1811 • Connects Maryland to Illinois in 1838 • Erie Canal • Ushers in the beginning of American engineering • Links HudsonRiver to LakeErie • Atlantic Ocean to Great Lakes • Completed in 1825

24. Tariffs & National Bank • After War of 1812, British goods were available MUCH CHEAPER than American goods • Tariff is a way to “even the playing field” • Tariff = tax on IMPORTS • Tariff of 1816 • Who will most likely support a tariff? • Who will oppose it? • Second Bank of the United States (1816) • Less controversial • Make nationwide currency available • Leads to “Era of Good Feelings” • Madison was a Dem.-Rep. from Virginia but well liked even in Federalist New England!

25. Immigrants • European immigration will continue to increase throughout the 19th century • Usually avoid the South • Why? • GreatPotatoFamine in Ireland • Irish immigrants are most prominent during this period • Settle in New England cities like New York City and Boston • Face bitter prejudice • Roman Catholic

26. Youth • In both the cities and on farms, most youth activity was work-oriented • Energy & perseverance! • Adults at 14? • School is not required until mid-1800s • Rural = One room school house • Only go when not needed on the farm • City = some were tutored or went to private schools; most went to work in the city • Apprentices – later factory workers • No child labor laws at this time

27. Postcard Activity • On your own… • Imagine that you are currently living in the United States during this period. You have a friend or relative who lives in another part of the country. • You must: • Choose a region & occupation (job) • Ex. Female textile worker • Write a short note (about 5 sentences) to your friend or relative that demonstrates your understanding of BOTH regions • What would your life look like? What might theirs be like? • Draw and illustrate a picture or scene that represents the region you are writing from (ex. Lowell Mill)