What we learned last lesson?

1. What we learned last lesson? '3 Things' Swap your three things in pairs Try to get at least five significant things between you. Describe 3 things that you remember as significant about last lesson.

2. Date Castle Strengths Weaknesses 11th C Motte and Bailey 11th C Shell keep 12th C Square keep 13th C Concentric Castle High up Ditch Fast to build Wood burns Can be cut down Stone Wall Capture wall take whole building Thick stone walls Entrance above ground level Corners can be mined or battered 2 or 3 walls Inside wall higher than outer Strong gatehouse Round towers Only betrayal by someone Or Very long siege

3. Shape metal Work with lead for pipes & roofs Painting pictures inside castle Dig stone from ground Make mortar to bind stones together Carve and lay stone Cut, join and carve wood Lay floors Plastering the walls Masons Smiths Carpenters Plumbers Plasterers Painters Pavers Quarrymen Mortarmixers Task Castle Builders Carve and lay stone Shape metal Cut, join and carve wood Work with lead for pipes & roofs Plastering the walls Painting pictures inside castle Lay floors Dig stone from ground Make mortar to bind stones together

4. ? Defending & Attacking a Castle

5. Attacking & Defending a Castle In pairs, discuss 3 things you would like to learn about attacking and defending a castle. Remember to pose (ask) a question. i.e. write down 3 questions you would like answered today.

6. Learning Outcomes Q1. Where was the best place to site a castle? Q2. What were the main defences of a castle? Q3. Why did the defences have to improve? Q4. What methods were used to attack castles? Q5. What type of weapons were used?     

7. Learning Outcomes  Skills – working together problem solving presenting a case  

8. Where to build a castle? Key: Best defensive position e.g. top of hill/high ground next to river near crossroads – move troops quickly near town/village – control people & food supplies protect river crossings Other factors: near drinking water near forest/wood

9. Group Work Where to build a castle 5 3 2 1 4 8 mins

10. Individual Work Castle Defences Answer the following using full sentences: • In your own words explain why castles were built: a) on a hill b) on the banks of a river c) near crossroads? 2. Why were castles built near towns?

11. Why were defences so important? Wooden keep ? • Had to be safe from attack • Make it difficult for the enemy to break in motte ? Gate look-out ? ? ditch bailey ? drawbridge ? palisade ?

12. Solutions? Where were the weak points of the motte and bailey castle? gate Why weak? walls keep

13. Improve the Defences

14. Existing castles were slowly improved Outer curtain wall Stone Keep Curtain wall well Inner bailey drawbridge Portcullis crenellation Arrow loops gatehouse

15. New castles built with new defences

16. Stone Castle Defences Towers & turrets battlements hoardings gatehouse machicolations arrow loops portcullis drawbridge high, thick walls moat

17. crenel merlon shutter Battlements where fighting was done crenellation

18. Gate Defences • Speed important – had to close off castle quickly • 2 portcullises could trap the enemy • Murder holes could be used to pour throw hot tar or water, crush enemy with stones or fire at them with arrows

19. Methods of Attack Improved New castles built with new defences Why?

20. Attacking Besieging a Castle ladders Siege tower mangonel longbow crossbows

21. trebuchet mangonel Types of catapults Fired missiles at or over wall • Fired missiles over wall: • Stones • Dead animals • Heads of the enemy

22. Battering Ram Attacking the Gate Tortoise Break down gates or smash the walls

23. Penthouse ballista Other Siege Weapons Sappers’ tent For use on square keep or square towers

24. Individual Work Name each weapon labelled: a b c d e f c b f d a e

25. Individual Work Castle Defences • How were soldiers protected on the battlements? • Draw an arrow loop and explain its purpose. • Give 2 advantages of round towers in a curtain wall. • Describe 3 methods used to defend the castle gate. Include a picture of one of these defences.

26. Individual Work Siege Weapons Quiz – what am I? Identify each weapon from the cryptic clue: • When the catch of my big spoon is released I fling out a huge stone with great force. What am I? • I protect miners while they dig under a square keep. What am I? • I use powder and flame to fire metal balls over the castle walls. I was not invented until the 13th C. What am I?

27. Individual Work Siege Weapons • With my sling I throw stones or dead animals over the castle wall. What am I? • I can be wheeled up to the wall to allow attackers to climb onto the wall. What am I? • I am used to break down the gate? What am I? • I am made of metal and rope and help the soldiers climb up castle walls? What am I?

28. Individual Work Siege Weapons Quiz – what am I? Identify each weapon from the cryptic clue: • When the catch of my big spoon is released I fling out a huge stone with great force. What am I? • I protect miners while they dig under a square keep. What am I? • I use powder and flame to fire metal balls over the castle walls. I was not invented until the 13th C. What am I? mangonel Penthouse or sappers tent cannon

29. Individual Work Siege Weapons trebuchet • With my sling I throw stones or dead animals over the castle wall. What am I? • I can be wheeled up to the wall to allow attackers to climb onto the wall. What am I? • I am used to break down the gate? What am I? • I am made of metal and rope and help the soldiers climb up castle walls? What am I? siege tower battering ram grappling hook

30. Have you been successful? How do you know?

31. Well done Excellent learning today