The Scientific Revolution

1. The Scientific Revolution

2. OBJECTIVES The students will be able to identify advances in science during the 1500 and 1600s The students will identify accomplishments of important people during this time period The students will learn related vocabulary words

3. WARM UP What does the term revolutionary thinking imply? In light of this term, how would you define “Scientific Revolution” as it applies to history in the 1500s and 1600s? List any scientists you are familiar with from this time period.

4. The Scientific Revolution was: A revolution of the mind Scientists began to approach their work in new ways They began to test their ideas and conduct experiments to see if they were correct People began to see the world in a new way. Some of these beliefs conflicted with the beliefs of the Catholic Church at that time.

5. The Old View In the Middle Ages ideas were formed by logic and observation of the world, but these ideas were not tested. During the Renaissance and Reformation people looked to the writings of ancient philosophers from Greek and Rome. They also looked to the Bible and writing of early Christians.

6. Ptolemy Early Greek astronomer Studied the starts and planets Concluded the earth was the center of the universe and the sun, stars, and planets revolved around the earth. This belief held for thousands of years. The Roman Catholic and Protestant churches thought it was logical for the earth to be the center of the universe.

7. Ptolemy Roman-Egyptian astronomer from the first century

8. Ptolemy’s Model of the Universe

9. Modern Diagram of Ptolemaic Model

10. Think about this: Why would it be seem logical to the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches that the earth was the center of the universe? How might new beliefs conflict with the ideas of the church?

11. Nicolaus Copernicus

12. Copernicus Polish scholar and astronomer His observations led him to the realization Ptolemy’s earth centered model of the universe was wrong 1543 – Published On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres Described the universe as heliocentric or sun centered Most scholars rejected his writings

13. Copernican Theory of a Sun Centered Universe

14. Modern Model of Copernican Universe

15. Tycho Brahe Danish astronomer Found evidence Copernicus was correct Watched and charted the position of the stars and planets for years

16. "I've studied all available charts of the planets and stars and none of them match the others. There are just as many measurements and methods as there are astronomers and all of them disagree. What's needed is a long term project with the aim of mapping the heavens conducted from a single location over a period of several years." -Tycho Brahe, 1563 (age 17).

17. Johannes Kepler Brahe’s student – brilliant mathematician Confirmed planets moved around the sun Found the planets moved in an oval path

18. Kepler’s First Law The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse.

19. Review • Define heliocentric • Explain the contribution of: • Copernicus • Brahe • Kepler

20. Galileo Galilei – 1564 - 1642 Supported idea of sun centered universe Invented a powerful telescope and studied the planets and stars Saw moon’s surface was rough Saw changing sun spots Saw 4 moons circling Jupiter

21. Galileo Galilei Showed not all heavenly bodies circled the earth Many people were angry about his writings Authorities in Catholic Church warned these ideas were dangerous to religion Galileo was told not to defend or teach his ideas 1633 – Brought before the Inquisition Under threat of torture he was forced to deny the ideas of Copernicus were correct Placed under house arrest for rest of life- but he never changed his views

22. Answer these questions What was the importance of Galileo’s development of a new, more powerful telescope? Why was Galileo brought before the Inquisition?

23. A New Scientific Method – Francis Bacon • Interested in solid facts • Urged scientists to experiment • Believed direct observation of facts would lead to truths • Said scientists should: • Gather facts • Study and test them • Form a conclusion

24. Rene Descartes Believed nature and philosophy should be studied by mathematical analysis Everything except God and human soul could be seen as mechanical Complex ideas should be broken into small parts to arrive at truths Begin studying by doubting everything Wrote Discourse on Method in 1637

25. Scientific Method • Ideas of Bacon and Descartes led to approach by • Scientific Method – • State the problem • Gather information on the problem • Form a hypothesis – possible explanation • Experiment to test the hypothesis • Analyze and interpret the data • State a conclusion that confirms or disproves the hypothesis • Repeat the steps

26. European Monarchs Support Scientific Research King Charles II of London founded Royal Society of London King Louis XV of France helped establish the French Academy of Science These societies brought together scientists and paid for their research

27. Answer this question How was the new scientific method different from science practices of the past?

28. Isaac Newton Brilliant mathematician First person to explain the laws of force and motion in the universe Invented calculus Discovered gravity – a force that pulls objects towards each other

29. Isaac Newton Explained the sun’s gravity holds the planets in their orbits 1687 – Published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Explained why planets’ orbits are oval Developed reflector telescope Investigated nature of light Used science to show the world was orderly and worked by natural law

30. Answer this Question Why was Newton’s work so important in science?

31. Other Discoveries During 1700s hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide were discovered Antoine Lavosier , French scientist, discovered true nature of fire Anton von Leewenhoek, a Dutch scientist, used a microscope to examine red blood cells, bacteria, and tiny life forms New and improved technologies included better telescopes, microscopes, barometers, thermometers, and air pumps.

32. REVIEW Define heliocentric Identify early astronomer who said the earth is the center of the universe

33. REVIEW Discovered the laws of gravity First astronomer to realize the sun is the center of the universe.

34. REVIEW Astronomer who charted the stars and planets and supported Copernicus’ view that the sun is the center of the universe. Define gravity

35. REVIEW Scientist who developed powerful telescope and observed the surface of the moon and spots on the sun. Brahe’s student who stated planets circled sun in an oval orbit.

36. REVIEW • Scientist who emphasized the importance of beginning a study by doubting everything. Wrote Discourse on Method in 1637 • Scientist who encouraged a process for scientific study to include: • Gathering facts • Studying and testing them • Forming a conclusion