2013 The Last of the Chinese Dynasties and Arrival of Europeans

1. 2013 The Last of the Chinese Dynasties and Arrival of Europeans

2. Weaknesses of the Qing Dynasty and How the Europeans Took Advantage of Them

3. Trade Restrictions Isolation Held China Back • Other Europeans tried to change China’s trade restrictions • 1793, British Lord George Macartney came to China to discuss expanding trade • Chinese found goods he brought inferior to their own products • Chinese demanded Macartney kowtow to Qianlong; he refused to kneel to emperor, was sent away • China was one of most advanced civilizations, but isolation prevented Chinese from keeping up with European advances Qing Foreign Relations • Qianlong continued Ming policy of isolation, restricting foreign trade • Like Chinese, Manchu saw Chinese civilization, products, as superior, expected foreigners to trade on China’s terms • Accepting terms, Dutch began thriving trade in Chinese goods • Obtained Chinese porcelain, silk, along with tea—which soon became main Chinese export to Europe

4. By the time of the Xian Fong Emperor's death in 1861, his wife Cixi became the first and only Qing Dynasty Empress to rule from "behind the curtains" (垂簾聽政).

5. Weakness of the Qing Dynasty (1644 to 1911) • Sino-centric philosophy, inability of ruling class to modernize to keep up with rival powers • No access to outside world, population felt no nationalism • Isolationist policy/lack of trade increased poverty and hurt foreign relations • Population explosion brought need for recourses, reforms, and modernization, Qing refused to address the needs of the people http://www.history-of-china.com/qing-dynasty/

6. Weakness of the Qing Dynasty (1644 to 1911) • British led opium trade lead to inflation and unease of peasants due to addiction • Boxer Rebellion reparations paid to foreign powers, who carved up and divided China • Lost Korea and Taiwan, proving ruling dynasty incapable of protecting territories • Sun Yat-sen led Republican Revolution in 1911, creating central government, and emphasizing nationalism, democracy, and livelihood Sun Yat-sen http://globalvoicesonline.org/2011/10/13/china-reflecting-on-100-years-since-the-xinhai-revolution/

7. Opium Trade

8. Opium • Opium was seen by the East India Company as the answer to the trade imbalance. It was a high value item which the company could grow in India. • Opium had been traded in small quantities since 900. In the 16th Century, trade became significant and by 1782, it was a major import item. • The Chinese prohibited the importation of opium in 1729, but enforcement was lax. Smuggling was facilitated by bribery. • By 1805, opium had reversed the trade imbalance. The surplus was 4 ½ million taels of Silver.

9. Opium • Opium was seen by the East India Company as the answer to the trade imbalance. It was a high value item which the company could grow in India. • Opium had been traded in small quantities since 900. In the 16th Century, trade became significant and by 1782, it was a major import item. • The Chinese prohibited the importation of opium in 1729, but enforcement was lax. Smuggling was facilitated by bribery. • By 1805, opium had reversed the trade imbalance. The surplus was 4 ½ million taels of Silver.

10. Growth of Opium Trade • Europeans bought silk, tea, porcelain, and spices from China • Chinese would only trade goods for silver • Drain on European finances

11. Opium Trade • Opium manufactured in China since 15th century for medical purposes • Opium then mixed with tobacco so it could be smoked • Dutch were first to begin trade of opium • English soon followed • Chinese government banned smoking and trade of opium in 1729 due to health and social issues

12. English East India Company • Held monopoly on production and export of opium in India • Peasant cultivators often coerced and paid in advance for cultivation of poppies • Sold in Calcutta for a profit of 400%

13. East India Company • Buy tea on credit in Canton • Sell opium at auctions in Calcutta, India • Then it was smuggled into China through India and Bengal • 1797 began direct trade of opium into China • Chinese government had hard time controlling trade in South

14. The Tea-Opium Connection • Foreigners were only allowed to trade at the southern port of Guangzhou. • Trade balance was in China’s favor. • European merchants decide to sell the habit-forming drug opium (a narcotic derived from the opium poppy plant) in China to obtain a favorable trade balance. • By 1835, as many as 12million Chinese were addicted

15. First Opium War

16. Background to the Opium War • China utilized isolationist policy prior to 1830 • British companies bought huge amounts of opium to smuggle into China • 90% of male population under 40 along the coast was addicted • 3,540,450 pounds of opium imported to China in 1832

17. Napier Affair • Lord Napier tried to circumvent the Canton Trade laws to reinstitute East India’s monopoly • Governor of Macao closed trade with Britain September 2, 1834 • British resumed trade under old restrictions

18. Commissioner Lin • Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu was appointed in March 1839 to end the opium trade. He did this by terminating all trade until the British surrendered their opium and signed pledges to stop further smuggling. • The Superintendent of Trade, Capt Elliott, ordered 21,306 chests to be delivered to Lin. The Lin Zexu Memorial Museum, Macao, China.

19. Pretext for War • Capt Elliott objected to individual traders signing pledges to stop the sale of opium as it undermined British jurisdiction over its subjects. • In November 1839, a clash occurred between 21 war junks and several British warship over the defection of a ship whose captain had signed a bond and was proceeding to Canton under Chinese protection. • The British stopped all trade and the Governor General of India declared war on January 31, 1840.

20. The Opium War 1840-1842 Britain paid for its imports of tea, silk and porcelain mainly with silver. But the growth of the opium habit in China created an outflow of silver from China. The Qing banned the import and smoking of opium.

21. The Opium War 1839-1842 1839: the areas of Canton where British and American merchants were permitted to operate were blockaded 20,000 chests of opium seized and publicly destroyed on the Canton beaches. Britain declared war

22. First Opium War 1834 - 1843 • 1838 Chinese instituted death penalty for native traffickers of opium • March 1839 – new commissioner to control opium trade – Lin Zexu • Lin imposed embargo on Britain unless they permanently ended the trade trade

23. First Opium War • March 27, 1839 – British Superintendent of Trade – Charles Elliot demanded all British subjects turn over opium to him • Opium amounting to a year’s worth of trade was given to Commissioner Lin • Trade resumed with Britain and no drugs were smuggled

24. First Opium War • Lin demanded British merchants to sign a bond promising not to deal opium under penalty of death • Lin disposed of the opium – dissolving it in the ocean • Did not realize the impact of this action!

25. First Opium War • British merchants and government regarded this as destruction of private property • Responded by sending warships, soldiers, and the British India Army into China June 1840 • Had superior military force – attacked coastal cities, defeated Qing forces easily

26. Britain declared war. Chinese arms were no match for European technology.

27. War Breaks Out • The Qing emperor was angry about the drug trade coming from the British. • In 1839 the Emperor’s advisor writes a letter to Queen Victoria demanding the drug trade stop. • The Opium War breaks out between Britain and China in 1839, but is fought mainly at sea. • The Chinese are no match for Britain’s steam-powered gun boats. • The Treaty of Nanjing is signed in 1842.

28. The Opium War (1839-1842) • Cause, burning of opium, Lin Zexu • Qing’s defeat by British humiliated Qing government and the Chinese • “Treaty of Nanjing” stipulated China’s war compensation in twelve articles • one says, “The island of Hong Kong to be possessed in perpetuity” by Victoria and her successors, and ruled as they “shall see fit” • British merchants and soldiers entered Canton as a result of its opening as a treaty port were with anti-British attacks by rural militias and urban mobs • Violent attackers were met by British reprisals and reciprocal atrocities

29. End of the War • British took Canton and sailed up the Yangtze River • Took Tax Barges, cut revenue of imperial court of Beijing • 1842 Qing sued for peace • Ended with Treaty of Nanjing

30. Impact of First Opium War: Treaty of Nanjing

31. The Treaty of Nanjing The First Opium War ended in a decisive defeat for China. The humiliating Treaty of Nanjing resulted. Five ports were opened to foreign trade.

32. Treaty of Nanjing • Referred to as the Unequal Treaties – accepted 1843 • China • Ceded Hong Kong to the British • Opened ports to British – Canton, Amoy, Fuzhou, Ningbo, Shanghai

33. The Treaty of Nanjing Hong Kong island was ceded to the British. The status of “extraterritoriality” given to her merchants (they were not subject to Chinese laws). Huge reparations were imposed for the destroyed opium.

34. Treaty of Nanjing • Great Britain received • 21 million ounces of silver • Fixed tariffs • Extraterritoriality for British citizens on Chinese soil • Most favored nation status • Allowed missionaries into interior of China • Allowed British merchants sphere of influence in and around British ports

35. Treaty of Nanjing • Unresolved Issues • Status of opium trade with China • Equivalent American treaty forbade opium trade with China • However, both Americans and British were subject only to the legal trade of their consuls

36. The Treaty of Nanjing The U.S. and France extracted similar concessions two years later 1856: The Second Opium War Renewal of war with Great Britain (later joined by France). China again defeated.

37. Results of Treaty of Nanjing • British get Hong Kong

38. Effects of the Opium War • Britain received large spoils (indemnity) • Britain gains control of Hong Kong • China opened 5 ports to foreign trade • British citizens in China received extraterritoriality meaning they lived under British Laws and could be tried in British courts • Allowed Christian missionaries to preach in China

39. Europeans Encroaching More and More on China

40. More Western Presence • Many Chinese began to realize that British army and navy are superior to China’s • More foreign presence/aggression in China coincided with waves of domestic turbulence, such as the Taiping and Nian

41. Extraterritorial Rights • The British enjoyed extraterritorial rights, which meant that British citizens were not subject to Chinese laws, but, if accused of a crime in Chinese trading ports, but would only be tried by British courts. • In 1844 the U.S. signed a the Treaty of Wanghia in which American citizens were given extraterritorial rights as well. • This arrangement protected Europeans and Americans from prosecution for drug smuggling.

42. Growing Internal Problems • Population grew to 430 million by 1850, a 30 percent increase in 60 years. • Food production did not keep up with this increase. • Discouragement increased opium addiction • Chinese began to rebel against the Qing Dynasty

43. Second Opium War or Arrow War

44. Second Opium War 1856 - 1860 • Also known as Arrow War • Followed incident when Chinese bordered British registered, Chinese owned ship – the Arrow • Crew was accused of piracy and smuggling • Were arrested

45. Arrow War • The Arrow War or Second Opium War (1856-60) was prompted by the seizure of the lorcha Arrow. • The Arrow was flying a British flag used for safe conduct between Canton and Hong Kong. Although released by the Chinese, an appropriate apology was not given. • The incident, together with the “judicial murder” of a priest, was considered a convenient opportunity for treaty revision.

46. The advance of foreign intrusion • “Second Opium War,” or “Arrow War” (1856-1860) • British moved jointly with the Americans and French to press for treaty revision • Qing search of British ship, “Arrow,” a smuggler’s ship furnished British pretext for a new series of military action

47. Second Opium War • British claimed ship was flying British flag and was protected under the Treaty of Nanjing • War delayed by Taiping Rebellion and Indian Mutiny • British attacked Guangzhou one year later • Aided by allies of United States, Russia, and France

48. The Conflict • The British attacked Canton, but had to wait for reinforcements until the end of the Indian Mutiny. They captured Canton in 1857 and ruled it for three years. • When British and French demands for treaty revision led to unsatisfactory Chinese representation, the British attacked the fort at Taku and sailed up the Peiho River to Tianjin. The Treaty of Tienjin was negotiated and signed in this room in a Buddhist Temple.

49. Second Opium War • Treaty of Tientsin was created in July 1858 – was not ratified by China until 2 years later • Hostilities broke out in 1859 when China refused the establishment of British Embassy in Beijing • Fighting erupted in Hong Kong and Beijing • British burned the Summer and Old Summer Palace and looted the city

50. Results of the Violent War • Violent war took place in 1859 before the forts of Dagu, where Qing army was defeated • Twenty thousand British and French troops entered into Bejing, sacked and burnt the Summer Palace, the famous Yuan-ming-yuan, to the ground Yuanming yuan ruins