Ch. 11 The World in Flames (1931-1941)

1. Ch. 11The World in Flames(1931-1941)

2. U.S.A. U.S.S.R. England Germany Italy Japan Sec. I. America and the World. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt V.I. Lenin Prime Minister, Winston Churchill (1940) Prime Minister, Hideki Tojo (1941-48)  Chancellor Adolf Hitler, Fϋhrer (1934-45) Prime Minister, Benito Mussolini (1922-43)  Gen. Secretary, Joseph Stalin (1922) Pres. Harry S. Truman (1945)

3. A. V.I. Lenin – Leader of the Bolsheviks (1917). •  The Bolsheviks – small faction of Marxist party called Russian Social Democrats. •  Under (Vladimir Ilyich Ulianov)Lenin, Bolsheviks were dedicated to revolution. • Between 1900-1917, Lenin spent time outside Russia (Zurich) and returned with German help after Revolution (Germ hoped Lenin would create disorder). • Slogans: “Peace, Land, Bread”, “Worker control of production” and “All power to the Soviets” – promised end of war; redistribution of land to the peasants; transfer of factories and industries from capitalists to committees of workers.

4. B. Joseph Stalin – 1926, Became new Soviet dictator (Communist).  Started as Bolshevik, caught Lenin’s eye after bank robbery to get $ for cause.  Not a great speaker or writer, but very organized “Comrade index-card.”  Like Hitler, one of greatest mass murderers in history, killed almost 25 mill people.

5. Trotsky and Kahlo, Mexico City, 1937. • Leon Trotsky – head of the Petrograd soviet and dedicated revolutionary. •  Nov. 6, 1917, Bolsheviks seized the Winter Palace (seat of provisional gov’t). •  Bolsheviks soon renamed themselves the Communists. • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 3, 1918) - Lenin (who promised peace) signed the treaty with Germany which gave up eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and Baltic provinces.

6. 1. Five-Year Plan – economic goals for 5-year periods; agricultural to industrial. 2. Collectivization – private farms eliminated (gov’t owned; peasant farmers).  Emphasized armaments & capital goods (heavy machinery); oil & steel production.  Millions more in cities/factories as housing declined; millions had pitiful conditions.  Propaganda to keep workers content “sacrifice to create new socialist state.”  Many peasants resisted, hording food or killed livestock; Stalin increased program.  By 1930, 10 million peasant households were collectivized; by 1934 nearly 26 million farms were collectivized into 250,000 units.  Anyone who resisted programs were sent to forced labor camps in Siberia.

7. The collectivization campaign in the USSR, 1930s. The slogan reads: "We kolkhoz farmers are liquidating the kulaks as a class, on the basis of complete collectivization." Famous propaganda poster

8. 3. Great Purge – Stalin removed all opponents. An estimated 14 million Soviets died during Stalin’s purges. • Bolsheviks, army officers, diplomats, union officials, party members, intellectuals, and many ordinary citizens given a trial and sentenced to death or to Gulag. •  Estimated 8 mill arrested; millions sent to camps; never returned; others executed. •  Made divorce more difficult (Communists made easier); family as small collective.

9. C. Benito Mussolini – 1926, Italian fascist. 1. Fascism – (aggressive nationalism) political philosophy that glorifies the state over the individual; strong central gov’t led by a dictator. • Established the first European fascist movement. •  In 1919, Mussolini created new political group the Fascio di Combattimento, or • League of Combat, where fascist is derived. •  Started out as a socialist, but expelled from party, and then started Fascism. •  Depression, high inflation, and agricultural & industrial strikes in Italy.

10. Mussolini used the ‘Blackshirts’ who were armed fascists and attacked socialist offices, newspapers, & labor unions. • Middle-class industrialists and agricultural landowners both objected to strikes and supported Mussolini’s fascist movement (due to economic problems). •  Middle class fear of socialism, communism, and disorder pushed them to fascism.

11. 2. Nationalism – used patriotic feelings to gain support.  Italians angry over not getting more land after the war (as promised by Allies).  Demanded more land and won many converts to fascism.  Prime Minister – 1922, demanded to be given power (or else march on Rome).  King Victor Emmanuel III gave in.

12. ◄ Sound familiar?? • Suspended any publication that criticized the government, monarchy, or Catholic Church; given powers to make laws by decree; police given unrestricted authority to arrest & jail anyone for nonpolitical / political crimes. •  1926, Fascists outlawed other parties. • 1926, established secret police (OVRA) to monitor political activities & enforce gov’t policies (not as brutal as Nazi’s). •  1926, ruled as Il Duce “The Leader.” •  Controlled all media for propaganda “Mussolini Is Always Right.” •  Rewrote textbooks to reflect fascist propaganda. •  Never had total control like Hitler/Stalin (Muss retained some old institutions/ • independent armed forces were maintained; Victor Emmanuel still king. •  Maintained traditional attitudes to women as “fundamental mission in life.” •  1929, recognized sovereignty of Vatican City and only religion (Church also • recognized Italy and urged support for fascism). •  Hitler was student and admirer of Mussolini.

13. D. Hitler and Nazi Germany. 1. Adolf Hitler – 1933, German Chancellor. • Hitler’s ideas were based on racism/bigotry and German nationalism. • His totalitarian state was widely accepted, but German Jews and minorities were persecuted. •  Born in Austria but had a mystical belief in the German nation. • Went to Vienna to be an artist but rejected by the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts.  Spent 4-years on the Western Front in WWI.

14.  1919, Hitler gets involved in politics. •  Joins little-known German Workers’ Party, a right-wing nationalist party in Munich. • By 1921, Hitler taken control of party, renamed the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP, or Nazi). • In beginning, Hitler was a terrible public speaker, but was coached on oration by an Austrian Jew. •  Now known as a powerful orator, using emotions, theatrics & voice commands to • help in propaganda. •  Within 2 years, party grew to 55,000 people. • Also had 15,000 people in the party militia, known as the SA (Storm Troopers, Brown shirts after the color of their uniform).

15. a) Mein Kampf – wrote book in jail (his movement & ideas). i. Extreme nationalism. ii. Anti-Semitism. iii. Anti-Communism. iv. Social Darwinian theory. •  Beer Hall Putsch – quickly crushed. •  In prison, realized he needed to gain power by legal means, not overthrow. •  Wrote that mass meetings were important because individuals who feel weak & • uncertain become intoxicated with the power of the group (manipulated). • Social Darwin struggle (the right of superior nations to – lebensraum (LAY-buhnz-rowm) - living room through expansion).

16.  1932, six million Germans unemployed; made extremist parties attractive.  1932, had 800,000 members & largest party in the Reichstag (Germ parliament).  “Create a new Germany.”  Appeals of national pride, national honor, and traditional militarism struck an emotional cord with listeners (angry over Treaty of Versailles & economy).  Reichstag had little power.  Hitler supported by right-wing elites: industrial leaders, landed aristocrats, higher bureaucrats & military officers to save them from Communism.

17. Most Americans have forgotten that Hitler came to power legally. He and the Nazi Party were elected democratically in a time of great national turmoil and crisis. They themselves had done much to cause the turmoil, of course, but that's what makes the Bush comparison so compelling.  1933, Hitler made Chancellor to create a new gov’t. (Hindenburg gave-in). • Enabling Act – Hitler’s “legal seizure” of power (2/3 passed the Reichstag).  Gave the gov’t power to ignore the Constitution for 4-years to deal with • countries problems. •  Hitler no longer need Reichstag or Hindenburg; was a dictator. •  Moved quickly to bring all institutions under Nazi control. •  Civil Service purged of Jews and democratic elements. •  Trade Unions were dissolved. •  All other political parties were abolished (Nazis only legal political party).

18. E. Militarists Gain Control of Japan. 1. 1931, Japan invades Manchuria, a resource-rich part of China.

20. F. America turns to Neutrality. 1. Neutrality Act of 1935 – Illegal for U.S. to sell arms to any country at war. The U.S. Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts (laws) beginning in Aug 1935 in response to American antiwar sentiment. • Despite FDR’s emphasis on internationalism, most Americans felt they did not want to be involved in another war in Europe.

21. The Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis Agreement, 1940. • After start of Spanish Civil War in 1936 (General Franco & Spanish fascists led rebellion), the Neutrality Act expanded to not sell arms to either side in a civil war. • Germany and Italy sent arms to Franco. • Germany & Italy sign Rome-Berlin Axis agreement (1936); •  Next month: Germ, Italy & Japan sign Anti-Comintern Pact to fight Communism. •  “Cash-and-carry” basis if a country wanted to buy arms from the U.S.

22. 2. Internationalism – FDR supports idea that trade between nations creates prosperity and prevents war. • 1937, Japan launched a full attack on China, since no one declared war, the Neutrality Act (1937) did not apply.  FDR authorized arms sales to China.