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Morphology studies the internal structure of words

Morphology studies the internal structure of words . Knowledge of words , word structure , word inflection , word formation , and their interaction with other micro-level linguistic structures. PART OF LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE !!!.

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Morphology studies the internal structure of words

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  1. Morphologystudies the internal structure of words • Knowledge of words, wordstructure, wordinflection, wordformation, andtheirinteractionwithothermicro-levellinguisticstructures PART OF LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE !!!

  2. Morpheme: Thesmallest unit of language that carries information or function:build;build-er; house; house-s.

  3. Dictionaries ??

  4. Main Divisions of Word Classes (Parts of Speech): • Nouns • Verbs • Adjectives • Adverbs • Content Words • Function Words • Conjunctions • Prepositions • Articles • Pronouns

  5. canine • the • him • elegant • inconvenience • eloquently • comply • inasmuch as • over

  6. Types of morphemes-1 Free morpheme: a single morpheme that constitutes a word and can stand alone. Bound morpheme: a morpheme that must be attached to another morpheme.

  7. Example: • retroactive= retro + act + ive Free morpheme = act Bound morphemes = retro-, -ive

  8. English Affixes(based on the position) Prefix: An affix that occurs before a morpheme Suffix: An affix that occurs after a morpheme

  9. Examples: English Prefixes Examples of Negative Prefixes: un- non- dis- a- Examples of size and degree prefixes: mini- sub- over- super-

  10. Example:English Suffixes Class preserving suffixation: -er  lecturer -ian librarian -ist  scientist -let  piglet • Class changing suffixation: • Verb  Noun • perform performance • Adjective  Adverb • nice  nicely • Adjective  Noun • active  activity

  11. Affixes(based on the function) Inflectionalvs.Derivational

  12. Types of morphemes-2 • Derivational morpheme: deriving (creating) a new word with a new meaning. • Inflectional morpheme: changing the form of a word because of the rules of syntax.

  13. Definition: • Derivational morpheme: deriving (creating) a new word with a new meaning. • Inflectional morpheme: changing the form of a word because of the rules of syntax.

  14. SomeEnglish Inflectional Morphemes Nouns –s plural –’s possessive Verbs –s third person singular present –ed past tense –en past participle –ing progressive Adjectives –er comparative –est superlative

  15. Some examples of English Derivational Morphemes • -ic : Noun  Adj ; alcohol  alcoholic • -ance : Verb  Noun ; clear  clearance • -ly : Adj  Adv ; exact  exactly • -ity : Adj  Noun ; active  activity • -able : Verb  Adj ; read  readable • -ship : Noun  Noun ; friend  friendship • re- : Verb  Verb ; cover  recover • in- : Adj  Adj ; definite  indefinite

  16. impossible • terrorized • terrorize • desks • dislike • humanity • fastest

  17. Describe the italic affixes: premature untie darken fallen oxen faster lecturer

  18. Lexeme (lemma) • We can begin with a rough conception of forms that a word can take on while still being the same word -- • One entry in the dictionary for sing, sang, sung, another for singer. • Alternate forms of the same lexeme are formed by inflectional morphology; if there is a common (fixed) form, it’s called the inflectional stem.

  19. daisy • audience • preconceived • contradictory • annual • biannual

  20. monomorphemic (simple) words; complex or polymorphemic words. • no natural connection between sound and meaning • Free morpheme: can stand as a word by itselfBound morpheme: cannot.

  21. Arabic : «ktb» katib: kitab:katab : 'write'kutib : have been written' aktub: be writing' uktab : being written'

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