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Morphology: The analysis of word structure

Morphology: The analysis of word structure. Deny A. Kwary www.kwary.net. Main Divisions of Word Classes (Parts of Speech):. Content Words Function Words. Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs . Conjunctions Prepositions Articles Pronouns .

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Morphology: The analysis of word structure

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  1. Morphology: The analysis of word structure Deny A. Kwary www.kwary.net

  2. Main Divisions of Word Classes (Parts of Speech): • Content Words • Function Words • Nouns • Verbs • Adjectives • Adverbs • Conjunctions • Prepositions • Articles • Pronouns

  3. Exercise: Determine the word class of each of the following words • Noun • Article • Pronoun • Adjective • Noun • Adverb • Verb • Conjunction • Preposition • betterment • the • him • elegant • inconvenience • eloquently • comply • inasmuch as • over

  4. Word and Morpheme • Word: the smallest free form • Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit • Word  simple and complex • E.g. hunt and hunter • Morpheme  free and bound • E.g. hunt and -er

  5. Question #1, p.173 • Fly  Simple, no bm, fly • Desks  Complex, -s, desk • Untie  Complex, un-, tie • Tree  Simple, no bm, tree • Dislike  Complex, dis-, like • Reuse  Complex, re-, use • Triumphed  Complex, -ed, triumph • Delight  Simple, no bm, delight • Justly  Complex, -ly, just

  6. It changes the category and/or the type of meaning of the word, so it is said to create a new word. e.g. suffix –ment in government It does not change either the grammatical category or the type of meaning found in the word. e.g. suffix –s in books Derivation vs. Inflection (1)

  7. Derivation vs. Inflection (2) • A derivational affix must combine with the base before an inflectional affix. e.g. neighbour (base) + hood (DA) + s (IA) = neighbourhoods The following combination is unacceptable: neighbour (base) + s (IA) + hood (DA) = *neighbourshood

  8. Derivation vs. Inflection (3) • An inflectional affix in more productive than a derivational affix. e.g. the inflectional suffix –s can combine with virtually any noun to form a plural noun. On the other hand, the derivational suffix –ant can combine only with Latinate bases.

  9. English Inflectional Morphemes Nouns –s plural –’s possessive Verbs –s third person singular present –ed past tense –en past participle –ing progressive Adjectives –er comparative –est superlative

  10. Inflections in other languages Case: in Turkish and Latin (p. 166) Tense: in Chibemba (p. 170)

  11. Some examples of English Derivational Morpheme • -ic : Noun  Adj ; alcohol  alcoholic • -ly : Adj  Adv ; exact  exactly • -ate : Noun  Verb ; vaccin  vaccinate • -ity : Adj  Noun ; active  activity • -ship : Noun  Noun ; friend  friendship • re- : Verb  Verb ; cover  recover

  12. Describe the italic affixes: • impossible • terrorized • terrorize • desks • dislike • humanity • fastest • Derivational prefix • Inflectional suffix • Derivational suffix • Inflectional suffix • Derivational prefix • Derivational suffix • Inflectional suffix

  13. Describe the italic affixes: • premature • untie • darken • fallen • oxen • faster • lecturer • Derivational prefix • Derivational prefix • Derivational suffix • Inflectional suffix • Inflectional suffix • Inflectional suffix • Derivational suffix

  14. Page 179 • Number 18 • Number 19

  15. Affixation • Prefix: An affix that is attached to the front of a base, e.g. re-play. • Suffix: An affix that is attached to the end of a base, e.g. kind-ness. • Infix: An affix that occur within a base, e.g. (in Indonesian) s-in-ambung. • Confix (Circumfix/Ambifix): An affix that is attached to the front and to the end of a base simultaneously, e.g. (in Indonesian) ke-lapar-an. • Interfix, simulfix, superfix, and transfix.

  16. Examples of English Affixes • See pages 145 – 146.

  17. Homework (Group Assignment):The answers to be presented by each group next week (prepare a PPT file). 1.Define and give examples of the six types of affixes: infix, confix, interfix, simulfix, superfix, dan transfix. Examples can be derived from English, Indonesian, or Arabic. 2. List English Prefixes which are NOT mentioned on page 146. Determine the word class and give two examples for each prefix. 3. List English Suffixes which are NOT mentioned on pp. 145-146. Determine the word class and give two examples for each suffix.

  18. Affixation • To be continued next week Deny A. Kwary www.kwary.net

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