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Neural and Hormonal Systems

Neural and Hormonal Systems. Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Nervous System. Nervous system – the body’s electrochemical system Brain, spinal cord and nerves are formed by NEURONS Neurons have 3 tasks: 1. receive information 2. carry information 3. pass information.

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Neural and Hormonal Systems

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  1. Neural and Hormonal Systems

  2. Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Nervous System • Nervous system – the body’s electrochemical system • Brain, spinal cord and nerves are formed by NEURONS • Neurons have 3 tasks: • 1. receive information • 2. carry information • 3. pass information

  3. Structure of a Neuron • Dendrite – branchy extensions that receive messages from other cells • Soma – cell body; contains nucleus and keeps cell healthy • Axon – passes messages away from cell body to other neurons, muscles, glands • Myelin Sheath – covers axon of neurons • Axon Terminals – points of departure; onto next neurons dendrites

  4. Neural Communication • The Neural Impulse – What are the steps taken when a neuron “fires”? • 1. action potential – brief, electrical charge that travels down the axon • 2. refractory period – “recharging” phase of a neuron; cannot fire just yet • 3. resting potential – neuron is capable and ready to generate another action potential

  5. How is neural impulse like flushing a toilet? • What is the action potential? • What is the refractory period? • What is the resting period? JUST LIKE A NEURON!!!!

  6. Communication Between Neurons • Neurons communicate with each without actually touching one another! • Synapse – fluid-filled gap between axon terminal of one neuron and dendrite of another • Neurotransmitter – chemical messengers that travel across synapse from one neuron to the next • Reuptake – sending neuron reabsorbs excess neurotransmitter molecules

  7. Other key terms: • Excitatory effect – neurotransmitter that likely generates an action potential • Inhibitory effect – neurotransmitter that likely does not generate an action potential • Sensory nerves – carry info to central nervous system • Motor nerves – carry info from central nervous system to muscles and glands

  8. Structure of the Nervous System

  9. Endocrine System • Endocrine system – set of glands that produce hormones, chemical messengers that circulate in the blood stream • Hormone – chemical messengers • Pituitary gland – “master gland” in brain; controls the other glands • Thyroid gland – regulates energy levels • Adrenal glands – help to arouse body in times of stress

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