War, Revolution, and Oil in the Middle East and Africa

1. War, Revolution, and Oilin the Middle East and Africa Section 24.4 Page 706

2. Quick Review • What was the Arab-Israeli Confrontation? • What was the six-day war?

3. Egypt’s New Ruler • Nasser dies: September of 1970 • Anwar Sadat

4. The Yom Kippur War • Under Sadat, Egypt and Syria begin a war with Israel on October 6th, 1973 (Yom Kippur). • Arabs push Israeli troops back. • Israeli troops rallied to cross the Suez Canal and occupy Egyptian Land. • US Sec. of State: Henry Kissinger- Shuttle Diplomacy • Diplomatic negotiations conducted by an official intermediary who travels frequently between the nations involved. • 1st termed in this event. • Peace Achieved • Peace Stalled

5. The Yom Kippur War (2) • November 1977: Sadat surprises the world. • Israel: Israeli Parliament and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin. • “It is not my battle alone. Nor is it the battle of the leadership in Israel alone. It is the battle of all and every citizen in all our territories, whose right it is to live in peace. It is the Commitment of conscience and responsibility in the hearts of millions.” • Anwar Sadat (pg 707)

6. The Yom Kippur War (3) • Jimmy Carter: Camp David, Maryland • The Camp David Accords, March 1979 • Negations of peace between Egypt and Israel. • Doubtful end to the Arab-Israeli Conf. • Terrorist attacks from Palestine. • Israel resists idea of Palestine state. • Sadat is assassinated in 1981.

7. The Conflict Continues • The Camp David Accords: • Problem: didn’t address Palestinian Refugees or Israel’s occ. of the West Bank of the Gaza Strip. • The PLO Attacks Northern Israel. • Israel bombs Beirut, Lebanon. • Not good for Israel politically. • Deep split between Israeli society. • Strengthens the PLO’s standings among Palestinians.

8. The Intifada • Arabic for “shaking” • Revolt by young Palestinians against Israeli authorities. • Israel responds with arms. • After just one year: 300 Palestinians died, 20,000 wounded, 12,000 jailed. • Land in exchange for Peace.

9. Moves Toward Peace • Israel Election of 1992 • Yitzhak Rabin • A former army chief who led Israeli forces in the six-day war. • Authorized secret negations with Palestinian leaders. • Oslo, Norway… 1993 • Israeli foreign minister Shimon Peres met with PLO chairman Arafat. • Israel agreed to Palestinian self-govt. in the Gaza Strip. • PLO recognized Isreal • Sept. 13, 1993, Rabin, Peres, Arafat met in Washington • Extremists remain on both sides!

10. The “ROAD MAP” • US, Russia, E.U., U.N.’s joint peace plan for the Israelis and Palestinians. • Both sides pledge to work on Peace • Blame each other for lack of Progress. • Palestine suicide bombers. • Israeli assassination of Suspected terrorists.

11. OIL

12. Middle East Oil and World Energy Needs • 1900’s- Cars, Ships, Aircrafts. • Demand for petroleum goes up! • Where can we find more OIL? • Petrodollars • Rulers of countries getting rich • $ goes back to the people. • Social welfare projects and huge economic development projects throughout the Persian Gulf. • OPEC; 1960 • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. • The bargaining agent for Oil-Producing Nations.

13. The Iranian Revolution • A violent move to remove the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi out of power. • Ayatollah Khomeini, a Conservative Islamic Leader • By 1978, riots start. • Shah leaves in 1979 • October, 1979: • U.S. Embassy in Tehran • 60 American Hostages • 1980; 1981 • Khomeini died in 1989 • 2003 Earthquake

14. Operation Desert Shield/Storm • Ba’ath party, 1968 • Saddam Hussein • 1990- Saddam attacks Kuwait • Saudi Arabia? • 30 Nations launch OPERATION DESERT SHIELD. • 600,000 troops to aid Saudi Arabia. • The UN set a date for Iraqi withdrawal • The date passed: OPERATION DESERT STROM. • 40 day missile attack- before ground forces moved in. • Iraq surrenders! • Rebellion against Saddam. • The UN and Iraq • March 2003; December of 2003