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Intro to Particle and Nuclear Physics and the Long Island Gold Rush

Intro to Particle and Nuclear Physics and the Long Island Gold Rush. Steven Manly Univ. of Rochester REU seminar June 1, 2006 steven.manly@rochester.edu. Inquiring minds want to know. Yo! What holds it together?. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (near Chicago). CDF. Minos.

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Intro to Particle and Nuclear Physics and the Long Island Gold Rush

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  1. Intro to Particle and Nuclear Physics and the Long Island Gold Rush Steven Manly Univ. of Rochester REU seminar June 1, 2006 steven.manly@rochester.edu

  2. Inquiring minds want to know ... Yo! What holds it together?

  3. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (near Chicago)

  4. CDF Minos

  5. Stanford Linear Accelerator Center

  6. Event display from the SLD experiment at SLAC

  7. What forces exist in nature? What is a force? How do they interact? How do forces change with energy or temperature? How has the universe evolved?

  8. qq mesons K = us or us  = ud or ud leptons quarks Gauge bosons u c t d s b e   e   e W, Z, g,  G  g Strong interaction Hadrons Baryons qqq p = uud n = udd nuclei atoms Electromagnetic interaction

  9. Mini-Ph.D. – Quantum Mechanics 101 Lesson 1: Size actually does matter.

  10. Determine the postion and velocity of a car … no problem

  11. Determine the postion and velocity of a small particle … no problem

  12. Problem! Heisenberg uncertainty principle Cannot have perfect knowledge of both the position and velocity Heisenberg

  13. e- Dear Steve, Party relatively hard! -Al The fundamental nature of forces: virtual particles Et  h Heisenberg E = mc2 Einstein

  14. e+e- e+e- qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq e+e- The Vacuum e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e- -R. Kolb Much ado about NOTHING: Nothing is something Nothing has energy Nothing interacts with something e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e-

  15. qq qq qqq qqq qqq qqq A contribution to mass at the quantum level Strongly interacting particles interact with the vacuum condensate … which can make them much heavier than the constituent quark masses.

  16. -MSSL astrophysics group

  17. BANG! TIME

  18. Very hot, dense primordial soup of fundamental particles

  19. At 0.000001 second after bang, protons and neutrons form

  20. At 3 minutes, light nuclei form

  21. At ~300,000 years, t = 3000 degrees, atoms form and light streams freely

  22. t=~13 billion years, Brittney Spears gets married … again

  23. Modern accelerators study processes at energies that existed VERY early in the universe Another form of time travel ! What were forces like at those temperatures? What types of particles existed?

  24. quark-antiquark pair created from vacuum Quantum Chromodynamics QCD relative strength Similar to QED … except the gauge field carries the charge asymptotic freedom distance energy density, temperature quark Strong color field Energy grows with separation !!! “white” 0 (confined quarks) E=mc2 ! “white” proton (confined quarks) “white” proton Thanks to Mike Lisa (OSU) for parts of this animation

  25. e+e- collisions Heavy ion collisions

  26. Relativistic heavy ions at Brookhaven National Laboratory

  27. PHOBOS BRAHMS RHIC PHENIX STAR AGS TANDEMS RelativisticHeavyIonCollider(RHIC) 1 km v = 0.99995c = 186,000 miles/sec Thanks to M. Lisa for parts of this slide

  28. STAR ~500 Collaborators

  29. One collision seen by STAR TPC

  30. The PHOBOS Detector Time of Flight Spectrometer Vertex 1m Octagon Paddle Trigger Counter Ring Counters Cerenkov Counter 137000 Silicon Pad Channels

  31. Collision region is football shaped

  32. 9 12 Number of particles 6 3 12 3 6 9 12 Elliptic flow

  33. Flow quantified (reaction plane) dN/d(f -YR ) = N0 (1 + 2V1cos (f-YR) + 2V2cos (2(f-YR) + ... )

  34. b (reaction plane)

  35. Hydrodynamic limit STAR: PRL86 (2001) 402 PHOBOS preliminary Thanks to M. Kaneta (PHOBOS : Normalized Paddle Signal) Elliptic Flow at 130 GeV Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 222301 (2002)

  36. Hydro describes low pt vs. particle mass, fails at high pt and high- T. Hirano Flow vs Pt and  (consider velocity and early, self-quenching asymmetry)

  37. Places to learn more:Particle and nuclear physics links http://pdg.lbl.gov http://particleadventure.org http://www.slac.stanford.edu/gen/edu/aboutslac.html http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/sciindex.html http://www.bnl.gov/rhic/ http://public.web.cern.ch/public/ http://www.fnal.gov/ http://www.er.doe.gov/production/henp/np/index.html http://www.science.doe.gov/hep/index.shtm

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