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Intro to Particle and Nuclear Physics and the Long Island Gold Rush. Steven Manly Univ. of Rochester REU seminar June 1, 2006 steven.manly@rochester.edu. Inquiring minds want to know. Yo! What holds it together?. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (near Chicago). CDF. Minos.
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Intro to Particle and Nuclear Physics and the Long Island Gold Rush Steven Manly Univ. of Rochester REU seminar June 1, 2006 steven.manly@rochester.edu
Inquiring minds want to know ... Yo! What holds it together?
CDF Minos
What forces exist in nature? What is a force? How do they interact? How do forces change with energy or temperature? How has the universe evolved?
qq mesons K = us or us = ud or ud leptons quarks Gauge bosons u c t d s b e e e W, Z, g, G g Strong interaction Hadrons Baryons qqq p = uud n = udd nuclei atoms Electromagnetic interaction
Mini-Ph.D. – Quantum Mechanics 101 Lesson 1: Size actually does matter.
Determine the postion and velocity of a small particle … no problem
Problem! Heisenberg uncertainty principle Cannot have perfect knowledge of both the position and velocity Heisenberg
e- Dear Steve, Party relatively hard! -Al The fundamental nature of forces: virtual particles Et h Heisenberg E = mc2 Einstein
e+e- e+e- qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq e+e- The Vacuum e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e- -R. Kolb Much ado about NOTHING: Nothing is something Nothing has energy Nothing interacts with something e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e-
qq qq qqq qqq qqq qqq A contribution to mass at the quantum level Strongly interacting particles interact with the vacuum condensate … which can make them much heavier than the constituent quark masses.
BANG! TIME
At ~300,000 years, t = 3000 degrees, atoms form and light streams freely
Modern accelerators study processes at energies that existed VERY early in the universe Another form of time travel ! What were forces like at those temperatures? What types of particles existed?
quark-antiquark pair created from vacuum Quantum Chromodynamics QCD relative strength Similar to QED … except the gauge field carries the charge asymptotic freedom distance energy density, temperature quark Strong color field Energy grows with separation !!! “white” 0 (confined quarks) E=mc2 ! “white” proton (confined quarks) “white” proton Thanks to Mike Lisa (OSU) for parts of this animation
e+e- collisions Heavy ion collisions
PHOBOS BRAHMS RHIC PHENIX STAR AGS TANDEMS RelativisticHeavyIonCollider(RHIC) 1 km v = 0.99995c = 186,000 miles/sec Thanks to M. Lisa for parts of this slide
The PHOBOS Detector Time of Flight Spectrometer Vertex 1m Octagon Paddle Trigger Counter Ring Counters Cerenkov Counter 137000 Silicon Pad Channels
9 12 Number of particles 6 3 12 3 6 9 12 Elliptic flow
Flow quantified (reaction plane) dN/d(f -YR ) = N0 (1 + 2V1cos (f-YR) + 2V2cos (2(f-YR) + ... )
Hydrodynamic limit STAR: PRL86 (2001) 402 PHOBOS preliminary Thanks to M. Kaneta (PHOBOS : Normalized Paddle Signal) Elliptic Flow at 130 GeV Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 222301 (2002)
Hydro describes low pt vs. particle mass, fails at high pt and high- T. Hirano Flow vs Pt and (consider velocity and early, self-quenching asymmetry)
Places to learn more:Particle and nuclear physics links http://pdg.lbl.gov http://particleadventure.org http://www.slac.stanford.edu/gen/edu/aboutslac.html http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/sciindex.html http://www.bnl.gov/rhic/ http://public.web.cern.ch/public/ http://www.fnal.gov/ http://www.er.doe.gov/production/henp/np/index.html http://www.science.doe.gov/hep/index.shtm