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Intro to Particle and Nuclear Physics and the Long Island Gold Rush

Intro to Particle and Nuclear Physics and the Long Island Gold Rush. Steven Manly Univ. of Rochester REU seminar June 1, 2005 steven.manly@rochester.edu. Inquiring minds want to know. Yo! What holds it together?. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (near Chicago). CDF. Minos.

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Intro to Particle and Nuclear Physics and the Long Island Gold Rush

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  1. Intro to Particle and Nuclear Physics and the Long Island Gold Rush Steven Manly Univ. of Rochester REU seminar June 1, 2005 steven.manly@rochester.edu

  2. Inquiring minds want to know ... Yo! What holds it together?

  3. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (near Chicago)

  4. CDF Minos

  5. Stanford Linear Accelerator Center

  6. Event display from the SLD experiment at SLAC

  7. What forces exist in nature? What is a force? How do they interact? How do forces change with energy or temperature? How has the universe evolved?

  8. qq mesons K = us or us  = ud or ud leptons quarks Gauge bosons u c t d s b e   e   e W, Z, g,  G  g Strong interaction Hadrons Baryons qqq p = uud n = udd nuclei atoms Electromagnetic interaction

  9. Mini-Ph.D. – Quantum Mechanics 101 Lesson 1: Size actually does matter.

  10. Determine the postion and velocity of a car … no problem

  11. Determine the postion and velocity of a small particle … no problem

  12. Problem! Heisenberg uncertainty principle Cannot have perfect knowledge of both the position and velocity Heisenberg

  13. e- Dear Steve, Party relatively hard! -Al The fundamental nature of forces: virtual particles Et  h Heisenberg E = mc2 Einstein

  14. e+e- e+e- qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq e+e- The Vacuum e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e- -R. Kolb Much ado about NOTHING: Nothing is something Nothing has energy Nothing interacts with something e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e-

  15. qq qq qqq qqq qqq qqq The essence of mass at the quantum level (quantum field theory)

  16. -MSSL astrophysics group

  17. BANG! TIME

  18. Very hot, dense primordial soup of fundamental particles

  19. At 0.000001 second after bang, protons and neutrons form

  20. At 3 minutes, light nuclei form

  21. At ~300,000 years, t = 3000 degrees, atoms form and light streams freely

  22. t=~13 billion years, Brittney Spears gets married … again

  23. Modern accelerators study processes at energies that existed VERY early in the universe Another form of time travel ! What were forces like at those temperatures? What types of particles existed?

  24. q q qq q q qq qq relative strength asymptotic freedom confinement distance energy density, temperature Quantum Chromodynamics - QCD Similar to QED … But ... Gauge field carries the charge

  25. Relativistic heavy ions at Brookhaven National Laboratory

  26. The view from above

  27. STAR

  28. Au-Au collision in the STAR detector

  29. The PHOBOS Detector (2001) ZDC Paddle Trigger Counter Time of Flight Spectrometer Vertex Octagon Ring Counters Cerenkov y f x q z 1m • 4p Multiplicity Array • - Octagon, Vertex & Ring Counters • Mid-rapidity Spectrometer • TOF wall for high-momentum PID • Triggering • Scintillator Paddles Counters • Zero Degree Calorimeter (ZDC) 137000 silicon pad readout channels

  30. Central Part of the Detector (not to scale) 0.5m

  31. Au-Au event in the PHOBOS detector

  32. Collision region is football shaped

  33. 9 12 Number of particles 6 3 12 3 6 9 12 Elliptic flow

  34. Flow quantified (reaction plane) dN/d(f -YR ) = N0 (1 + 2V1cos (f-YR) + 2V2cos (2(f-YR) + ... )

  35. b (reaction plane)

  36. Hydrodynamic limit STAR: PRL86 (2001) 402 PHOBOS preliminary Thanks to M. Kaneta (PHOBOS : Normalized Paddle Signal) Elliptic Flow at 130 GeV Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 222301 (2002)

  37. Hydro describes low pt vs. particle mass, fails at high pt and high- T. Hirano Flow vs Pt and  (consider velocity and early, self-quenching asymmetry)

  38. Places to learn more:Particle and nuclear physics links http://pdg.lbl.gov http://particleadventure.org http://www.slac.stanford.edu/gen/edu/aboutslac.html http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/sciindex.html http://www.bnl.gov/rhic/ http://public.web.cern.ch/public/ http://www.fnal.gov/ http://www.er.doe.gov/production/henp/np/index.html http://www.science.doe.gov/hep/index.shtm

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