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Intro to Particle and Nuclear Physics and the Long Island Gold Rush. Steven Manly Univ. of Rochester REU seminar June 1, 2005 steven.manly@rochester.edu. Inquiring minds want to know. Yo! What holds it together?. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (near Chicago). CDF. Minos.
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Intro to Particle and Nuclear Physics and the Long Island Gold Rush Steven Manly Univ. of Rochester REU seminar June 1, 2005 steven.manly@rochester.edu
Inquiring minds want to know ... Yo! What holds it together?
CDF Minos
What forces exist in nature? What is a force? How do they interact? How do forces change with energy or temperature? How has the universe evolved?
qq mesons K = us or us = ud or ud leptons quarks Gauge bosons u c t d s b e e e W, Z, g, G g Strong interaction Hadrons Baryons qqq p = uud n = udd nuclei atoms Electromagnetic interaction
Mini-Ph.D. – Quantum Mechanics 101 Lesson 1: Size actually does matter.
Determine the postion and velocity of a small particle … no problem
Problem! Heisenberg uncertainty principle Cannot have perfect knowledge of both the position and velocity Heisenberg
e- Dear Steve, Party relatively hard! -Al The fundamental nature of forces: virtual particles Et h Heisenberg E = mc2 Einstein
e+e- e+e- qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq qq e+e- The Vacuum e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e- -R. Kolb Much ado about NOTHING: Nothing is something Nothing has energy Nothing interacts with something e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e- e+e-
qq qq qqq qqq qqq qqq The essence of mass at the quantum level (quantum field theory)
BANG! TIME
At ~300,000 years, t = 3000 degrees, atoms form and light streams freely
Modern accelerators study processes at energies that existed VERY early in the universe Another form of time travel ! What were forces like at those temperatures? What types of particles existed?
q q qq q q qq qq relative strength asymptotic freedom confinement distance energy density, temperature Quantum Chromodynamics - QCD Similar to QED … But ... Gauge field carries the charge
The PHOBOS Detector (2001) ZDC Paddle Trigger Counter Time of Flight Spectrometer Vertex Octagon Ring Counters Cerenkov y f x q z 1m • 4p Multiplicity Array • - Octagon, Vertex & Ring Counters • Mid-rapidity Spectrometer • TOF wall for high-momentum PID • Triggering • Scintillator Paddles Counters • Zero Degree Calorimeter (ZDC) 137000 silicon pad readout channels
Central Part of the Detector (not to scale) 0.5m
9 12 Number of particles 6 3 12 3 6 9 12 Elliptic flow
Flow quantified (reaction plane) dN/d(f -YR ) = N0 (1 + 2V1cos (f-YR) + 2V2cos (2(f-YR) + ... )
Hydrodynamic limit STAR: PRL86 (2001) 402 PHOBOS preliminary Thanks to M. Kaneta (PHOBOS : Normalized Paddle Signal) Elliptic Flow at 130 GeV Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 222301 (2002)
Hydro describes low pt vs. particle mass, fails at high pt and high- T. Hirano Flow vs Pt and (consider velocity and early, self-quenching asymmetry)
Places to learn more:Particle and nuclear physics links http://pdg.lbl.gov http://particleadventure.org http://www.slac.stanford.edu/gen/edu/aboutslac.html http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/sciindex.html http://www.bnl.gov/rhic/ http://public.web.cern.ch/public/ http://www.fnal.gov/ http://www.er.doe.gov/production/henp/np/index.html http://www.science.doe.gov/hep/index.shtm