Introduction to High School Grammar

1. Introduction to High School Grammar Parts of Speech

2. What is grammar? • Grammar refers to the rules of communication, in particular writing. • Without rules, things would be chaotic, and we wouldn’t be able to communicate well.

3. Life without Grammar The grammars has important, which we has teaching when they aren't for new plan sometimes is dooms. Also trouble where picture go for understanding when can't think to write to see. Because to mislead accident selves. What am I trying to say?

4. To learn the “rules” of Grammar, it helps to know the language of Grammar. Certainwordshelp us understand and discuss the rules much easier. Example: It is very hard to explain something if you don’t know the language of that thing. Imagine trying to explain how to brush your teeth without using words like toothpaste, teeth, brush, and water. Let’s Try Some More Examples: Play Taboo!

5. The Language of Grammar Parts of Speech

6. Before we can learn how to communicate, we must learn eight important words called Parts of Speech. Every word in the English language can be classified using these eight words. 1. Noun 2. Verb 3. Pronoun 4. Adjectives 5. Adverbs 6. Interjections 7. Prepositions 8. Conjunctions

7. 1. Nouns • Definition: Person, Place, Thing, Idea • Tip 1: If you can put a, an, or thein front, it is probably a noun. • Tip # 2: You can like it. • I like ___________. If it makes sense, it’s probably a noun.

8. 2. Verbs There are three types of verbs.

9. Noun + Verb = Sentence • Joe jumped. • Airplanes fly. • Sarah dumped Joshua. • Izabel is jumping. • Joe will go home. Every sentence must have a Noun and a Verb. If not, it is not a sentence!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

10. Journal 1 • Write three different sentences that ONLY have one noun and one verb in them. • Write three different sentences that use a linking verb. • Write three different sentences that use a helping verb.

11. N+V Game Get into pairs. You will have two minutes to write as many N+V sentences as possible. Remember, you can only write Nouns and Verbs. You must have a period. The students with the most sentences wins!

12. Journal 3

13. Journal 3 Part 1: You will have two minutes to write as many N+V sentences as possible. Remember, you can only write Nouns and Verbs. You must have a period. The students with the most sentences wins! Part 2: Write three sentences using the verb “is” as a linking verb. Bonus: Who can write the longest correct sentence using ONLY nouns and verbs.

14. Journal 4 Write 10 sentences with helping verbs. Helping verbs are always with an action verb. They “help” us understand the action a bit better by letting us know when or if the action might happen. Two examples have been done for you. Feel free to copy them. • Krissy is running a marathon next week. • I might walk to school next week. Here are some other common helping verbs: would, could, should, is, are, was, were, am, may, might, must, have, has, had, will, shall, can, do, did, does.

15. Intro to HS Grammar Notes Cont…

16. 3. Pronouns • Definition: Words that take the place of a noun. • Examples: Joe loves the baseball cards so much. He loves those so much. • Why do we need ‘em? Helps us not to be repetitive. Helps us understand better. Examples: Miles hit Miles. Miles hit himself.

17. 3. Pronouns How do I know if it is a pronoun or a noun? • If it can be used to discuss various things, it is a pronoun. • If you can put an article in front of it (a, an, the), it is a noun. Example: Jeff like the his classes. He likes them. • Classes can have the words “a” or “the” in front of it, so it must be a noun. Example  The classes are great. • He can be used to discuss “Jeff” or any male, so it is a pronoun. • Them can be used to discuss “classes” or any thing that is plural.

18. Him, Himself, Her, He, Herself, She, I, It, Them, Those, They, These, That, This, My, We, Us, Everyone, Everybody, Somebody, Someone, Anyone, Anybody, Anything, Anywhere, Something, Somewhere, Everything, Everywhere, Who, Whom, Their, Yours, There, Themselves, Ourselves, Myself, yourself, Your And MANY more!

19. Journal # 5 Write ten sentences that have a pronoun, a noun, and a verb. These sentences should only have three words. You can’t use the same word twice. Use your notes! 1. He ate pizza. 6. 2. 7. 3. 8. 4. 9. 5. 10.

20. Journal 6 Write down 30 pronouns that you are not very familiar with.

21. - Sounds of the City - New York is a city of sounds: muted sounds and shrill sounds; shattering sounds and soothing sounds; urgent sounds and aimless sounds. The cliff dwellers of Manhattan—who would be racked by the silence of the lonely woods—do not hear these sounds because they are constant and eternally urban. Can you find two verbs? Two nouns? Two pronouns?

23. ModifiersThey add information to the sentence. Adverbs and Adjectives

24. Nouns, Verbs, and Pronouns will make simple sentence. • He likes pizza. • Everyone ran home. Adjectives and Adverbs will help make those simple sentences better by providing important and interesting details. • He likes soft crust, pepperoni pizza. • Soon after, he slowly ran home.

25. 4. Adjectives • Definition: Adjectives tell us about a noun. • TIP #1: Almost always come before a noun. • TIP # 2: A, an, the are a special type of adjective called “articles.” • TIP #3: Generally speaking, adjectives answer the following questions: • Which? • What kind of? • How many?

26. Classroom

27. Ticket Time – Find the adjectives… • The tall girl is riding a new bike. • The tough professor gave us the final exam. • Fifteen students passed the midterm exam; twelve students passed the final exam. • Four turtles climbed on the log.. • The baby birds flew from the nest. • I am holding a marker in my left hand.

28. Ticket Time – Add adjectives to these sentences to make them better. • The girl bought a bike. • The fox outsmarted the chicken. • Joe’s truck has a tire. • Rabbits chased my dog. • People love ice cream. • Miguel ordered a Coke. • Patricia played music on her guitar.

29. 5. Adverbs • Definition: Add information to verbs (and sometimes adverbs and adjectives). • TIP #1: Sometimes end in –ly. • TIP #2: Most often answer how. Sometimes answer where, when, or why in a sentence.

30. Adverbs To Know • Simply • Lately • Recently • Nearly • Most • More • Less • Least • Only • Barely • However • Too • Enough • Not • Now • First • Early • Every day • Often • There • Slowly • Quietly • Really • Very • A lot • A little • Kind of • Almost

31. Ticket Time: Locate the Adverb • The cellist played carelessly. • That woman is extremely nice. • It was a terribly hot afternoon. • Today, we will take the test. • He has lived there for three years. • I really want that toy. • He practically fainted when he saw that spider. • He is more intelligent than Steve. • First, we need to go to the administration building. • There was too much noise to study effectively.

32. Journal # 7Below are five simple sentences. Improve them by adding adjectives and adverbs. Try to add as many as possible without being confusing. Rewrite your new sentences in your journal. Some leading questions have been provided to help you get going. • The girl played with her doll. • When did she play? How did she play? What was the girl like? What about the doll? • The sun shined. • When? What color? How did it shine? • The girl walked down the hall. • Can you describe her? How did she walk? • The man ate his sandwich in the mall. • Birds sang in the tree.

33. Picture This List all the words that come to mind when viewing this picture. Use the four sections to categorize the words. Then, write ten sentences using as much of the words as possible. Nouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs

34. Picture This Writing Assignment • Cut out a picture from a magazine. • Paste it on a sheet of paper. • List all the Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, and Adverbs that come to mind when you think of the picture (at least 20). • Make seven of your very best sentences with these words. • Use colored pencils to highlight the different words you used (see next slide for specfici directions)

35. Picture This Writing Assignment • Highlight all specific nouns using red. • Highlight all powerful verbs using blue. • Highlight all pronouns using green. • Highlight all adjectives using yellow. • Highlight all adverbs using purple.

37. Writing Workshop 1 Today we will work on becoming better writers. We will look at three areas that we can improve upon: • Using more specific NOUNS. • Using more powerful VERBS. • Using more ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS (modifiers). First, take notes! Then, complete the worksheet for a grade.

38. Using Grammar to Improve Writing Good writing helps the reader create images in his or her head. There are three ways that we can improve our writing in this way. Rule # 1: Specific nouns are almost always better than general nouns. • General (bad): The boy read a book. • Specific (good): Tommy read “Harry Potter.” Rule # 2: Powerful verbs are better than generic verbs. • Generic (bad): The girl walked into the room and sat down. • Powerful (good): The girl stormed into the room and plopped down. Rule # 3: Add colorful adjectives whenever possible to help create a clearer image. • No adjectives (bad): The girl looked at the sunset. • Colorful adjectives (good): The blonde looked at the dramatic sunset full of oranges and purples.

39. Writing Workshop Directions: First, rewrite sentences by using specific nouns, powerful verbs, and colorful adjectives. Follow these easy steps to get a good grade on the worksheet AND your quiz. • Identify words that needs to be changed. • Change only that word. • Follow the directions carefully. Finally, rewrite the passage at the bottom using strong verbs, specific nouns, and more adjectives (and adverbs).

40. Writing Workshop Review Jamalcreepedinto the DARK woods. He SLOWLY walked up a GIANT hill, prepared to shoot his AK-47 at any second. Something made a SLIGHT noise in the bushes, and he pausedto listen CAREFULLY. He SLOWLYaimed, but hesitatedto shoot. The GIANT, BROWN animal WITH ANTLERS THE SIZE OF A PERSON began to sprint, stopped to look at him for a second, and then dartedout of sight. A man went into the woods. He walked up a hill, prepared to shoot his gun at any second. Something made a noise in the bushes, and he stopped to listen. He pointed, but did not shoot. The animal began to run, stopped to look at him for a second, and then ran out of sight.

41. Journal # 10Rewrite the following sentences using specific nouns, powerful verbs, and more adjectives and adverbs. • The girl got a bike for the holiday. • The boy passed the test. • It is raining. • The dog barked at the girl as she walked down the street. • The teacher went into the room and began to speak to the class.

42. Introduction to High School Grammar 6. Interjections 7. Conjunctions 8. Prepositions

43. 6. Interjections Definition: An interjection is a word added to a sentence to convey emotion. TIP #1: You usually follow an interjection with an exclamation mark. TIP # 2: Interjections are uncommon in most writing. • The highlighted words in the following sentences are interjections: • Ouch, that hurt! • Oh no! I forgot that the exam was today. • Hey! Put that down! • I heard one guy say to another guy, "He has a new car, eh?" • I don't know about you but, good lord, I think taxes are too high!

44. 7. Conjunctions Definition: Combines words, phrases, sentences. Shows a relationship between ideas. TIP # 1: There are three major kinds: 1.Coordinating 2.Subordinate 3.Correlative Where are the conjunctions? • I like pizza and tacos. • I like pizza and Joe likes pizza. • I like pizza, but Joe likes tacos. • Because I’m tired, I shouldn’t drive home. • I was studying while she slept. • Not only do I like basketball but also baseball.

45. 8. Prepositions Definition: Prepositions show a relationship between two things. These relationships can be about space, location, time, etc… • The book is on the table. • The book is beneath the table. • The book is leaning against the table. • The book is beside the table. • She held the book over the table. • She read the book during class. • A group of friends left the auditorium.

46. Most Common Prepositions 15. for 16. from 17. in 18. off 19. of 20. on 21. onto 22. out 23. outside 24. to 25. toward 26. under 27. until • at • about • above • across • after • against • along • behind • below • beneath • beside • between • down • during

47. What We’ve Learned So Far 1. To make a sentence, you only need ______________. 2. ____________ can be used in place of nouns. They can help make things less repetitive. 3. We can add _____________ and ___________ to our writing to make it more descriptive and interesting. 4. ____________ nouns are better than general nouns. 5. ____________ verbs are better than generic verbs.

48. Review Practice: Label Every Word • He is tall. • Sarah quickly ate all the cake. • Jason went home yesterday. • The intelligent fox ate too much. • They quietly rode their bikes around town while their mothers slept.

49. Practice Assessment • Underneath your journal, create five columns. Label each column as below. Try to write down ten words for each column. Which one did you have the most trouble on?

50. Journal # 1: How To Study • Choose one preposition. Write something about you using that preposition. • Choose one preposition. Write something funny using that preposition. • Draw one preposition in a creative way. • Write a short story using five prepositions. • Remember all the prepositions that start with “B.”