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Chapter 2 – part 1

Chapter 2 – part 1. METEROLOGICAL MEASURMENTS. Meteorology Dr. Mazin sherzad. 1) Weather instrument and their uses.

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Chapter 2 – part 1

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  1. Chapter 2 – part 1 METEROLOGICAL MEASURMENTS Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad

  2. 1) Weather instrument and their uses • Meteorologists and Weather Forecasters are very important because they can predict what the weather is going to be like in the future. To do this, they use very specialized equipment. Within the last 50 years, meteorologists have used weather balloons, satellites, radar, and computers to improve the accuracy of their forecasts Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad

  3. Weather instrument and their uses • WEATHER BALLOONS carry an instrument called "Radio-sonde" which measures temperature, pressure, and humidity at different altitudes (height) in the atmosphere. Special recording equipment in the balloons converts readings from these instruments into electrical impulses and transmits the impulses to earth. The balloons are tracked with radar to find wind speed and direction. Eventually the balloon bursts, and the instrument floats back to the ground by parachute. Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad

  4. Weather instrument and their uses • WEATHER SATELLITES send back information about storms, fronts, cloud cover, geographical features of the earth, and air and ocean temperatures. • RADAR sends out radio waves which bounce off raindrops, snow, or hail inside a cloud and reflect energy back to a radar antenna, which usually looks like a huge dish sitting on its side. Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad

  5. Weather instrument and their uses • COMPUTERS can do millions of operations per second, figuring out math equations that relate to the movements of fronts, air pressure systems, and storms. Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad

  6. Weather instrument and their uses • Weather Forecasters use many signs and symbols when they are describing what is going on in the weather and how weather is happening all across the country. To learn more about these signs, follow this link to WEATHER MAPS. Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad

  7. Table 2.1 Weather instruments and their uses Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad

  8. Barometer: A barometer is a scientific instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. It can measure the pressure exerted by the atmosphere by using water, air, or mercury Units of Pressure Example reading: • 1 atm pressure = 1.01325 bar = 1.01325 x 105 Pa = 1.01325 x 105 N/m2 • 1 Pa = 1 N/m2  = 10−5 bar  = 10.197×10−6 at  = 9.8692×10−6 atm  = 7.5006×10−3 torr  = 145.04×10−6 psi Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad

  9. Barometric pressure • d = density of liquid (kg/m3) • g = local gravity (m/s2) • h = height of liquid (m) • in 00 C d= 13 600 kg/m3 g = 9.806 m/s2 h=0.76 m The SI unit for pressure is the pascal (Pa), equal to one (N/m2 or kg·m−1·s−2). Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad

  10. Some baseline temperatures in the three temperature scales: • Thermometer:Temperature is measured in degrees centigrade (C), fahrenheit (F), and Kelvin (K), and are related to each other as follows: ºC = (ºF – 32º) x (5/9) ºF = ºC x (9/5) + 32º ºC = K – 273.16 Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad

  11. Anemometer: Hygrometer THERMOMETER THERMOGRAPHE Wind Vane/Wind Sock Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad

  12. The International Meteorological Organization • The International Meteorological Organization (1873 - 1953) was the first organization formed with the purpose of exchanging weather information among the countries of the world Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad

  13. Chapter 2 World Meteorological Organization (WMO) • It originated from the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), which was founded in 1873. Established in 1950, WMO became the specialized agency of the United Nations for meteorology (weather and climate) • membership of 189 Member States. • in June 1977 (Since the climate has been so continuously variable due to natural causes in the past, it must be assumed that it will continue to vary) Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad

  14. Chapter 2 World Meteorological Organization (WMO) • Six regional associations for addressing regional concerns: • Region I Africa • Region II Asia • Region III South America • Region IV North America, Central America and the Caribbean • Region V South-West Pacific • Region VI Europe Activities … • Nobel Peace Prize in 2007 Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad

  15. AGROMETEOROLOGY ;A branch of meteorology that studies the effect of weather and climate on agriculture. • Table 2.2 The name and place of the agricultural meteorology station installed in Kurdistan region • Table 2.3Rain according to the Kurdistan region areas Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad

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