The Interwar Period: Economic Boom, Global Depression, and Political Change

1. Chapter 29The Interwar Period Ms. Sheets University High School AP World History

2. The Roaring Twenties • Period of financial and political stability • Postwar inflation occurred as governments printed new money instead of raising taxes • The United States’ economy and culture boomed in the 1920’s. • New mass consumerism and popular culture (flappers; radio; films; jazz; modern art) • Great Gatsby captured excesses of the age • US entered a period of isolation after refusing to enter the League of Nations. • Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928: renounced the use of war and called for the peaceful settlement of disputes

3. The Global Great Depression (1929-1933) • WWI devastated European economies; Germany unable to make reparations payments  Britain and France unable to repay war debts to US. • Employment in key sectors (coal, iron, textiles) began to decline; less demand postwar. • October 1929: The New York Stock Market crashed. • Investors were building up high debt because of easy credit; when stock market crashed, people pulled their money; banks collapsed. • Global results • Unemployment and lower wages n US, Germany, Britain, Latin Am. • Western luxury purchases collapsed; hurt Japanese and Chinese economies. • People stopped buying goods to save money, which hurt production levels and employment. • Dust Bowl of 1930s: period of severe dust storms and droughts in US prairies

4. FDR’s New Deal (1933-1938) • Most governments tried to cut spending and many raised tariffs; worsened Global Depression. • Governments saw an incapacitated parliamentary system or the overturning of parliamentary systems in favor of fascism • American President Herbert Hoover had waited for the economy to naturally grow; voted out in 1932 • President Franklin D. Roosevelt offered “New Deal.” • Inspired by English economist John Maynard Keynes (if people do not consume/spend enough, national income will fall) • Rapid government growth • Offered more direct aid to Americans through increased unemployment benefits and jobs on public works projects • Social Security created: provide protection in unemployment and old age • Stimulates American economy and restored faith in gov.

5. Quick Review Question What event most directly causes the Global Great Depression? FDR’s New Deal was focused on: _____.

6. Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) • President Porfirio Diaz (1876-1910) encouraged economic growth among wealthy classes; did not benefit peasants. • Mexico was not self-sufficient, relying too much on foreign investments and exports (esp. Britain) • 1910: Rebellion occurred over election reform • Land reform, financial reform, political reform, education • Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata led rebellions that drove Diaz from power. • Essentially functioned as caudillos of their territories (Villa: north; Zapata: south • Primary goal: redistribute land owned by wealthy landowners • Villa and Zapata fought over the nature of the new regime, while they each remained in control of their home territories. • Mexico Constitution of 1917 attempted to change social problems in Mexico. • Granted land reform and public education • 1920-1924: Alvaro Obrégon elected president; civil war ended. • 1920s and 30s: The Party of the Institutionalized Revolution (PRI) developed.

7. Communist Russia • February Revolution of 1917: Strikes and rioting in St. Petersburg  tsar Nicholas II abdicated. • Protested early industrialization that ignored peasants, incomplete rural reform, and an unresponsive political system • Russia was ruled by a provisional government for eight monthsled by Alexander Kerensky. • Reforms were slow • October Revolution of 1917: Lenin and Communist party took over. • New institutions established to help Lenin govern: • Congress of Soviets (replaced Duma) • Supreme Soviet (elected by universal suffrage) • 1917: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk led to early exit from WWI • 1918-1922: Russian Civil War (tsarist generals vs. Communist Red Army) • July 16/17, 1918: Tsar Nicholas II and family executed by Bolsheviks • End of 304-year Romanov dynasty

8. Lenin’s Russia (1917-1924) • Lenin’s initial plans: to redistribute land to peasants and have the state take over basic industry • Led to agricultural and industrial decline; Russian post-war economy not ready for 100% socialism • To solve this, Lenin instituted the New Economic Policy (NEP) • Mixture of Communism and capitalism • Small amounts of private land ownership and small businesses still allowed while state set basic economic policies • Loosened trade restrictions, encouraged relations with the West • Resulted in an increase of food production • 1919: Lenin creates Comintern • Formal group of Bolsheviks who encouraged Communism elsewhere • 1923: Moscow became new capital(create distance from Romanov past) • 1923: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was created • Now, Russia is a communist state (economic policy) with an authoritarian ruler (political policy) • Remember: because communism relies on governmental control of resources, communist countries always utilize authoritarian rulers who can manage that extreme level of control

9. Lenin’s New Economic Policy (NEP)

10. Stalinism (1924-1953) • 1924: Lenin suddenly died; Joseph Stalin new leader. • Stalin represented staunch anti-Western, Russian tradition and Communism. • Abandoned original Leninist desire to create an international community of Communists • Wanted to make the USSR a fully industrial society under the control of the state. • Terror tactics and labor camps (gulags) • Under Stalin, Russia fully industrializes • Stalin’s economic policy: • 1928: Collectivization of agriculture (large, state-run farms rather than individual farms); farmers give portion to gov. and share the rest • Kulaks (wealthy peasants) resist  purges (expulsion of rivals: labor camps, executions, arrests) • Five Year Plans: government constructed massive factories for mining, electrical power and metallurgy. • From 1927-1937, Soviet output of machinery and metal products grew 14-fold

11. Quick Review Question What does Lenin accomplish in the October Revolution? What economic plan does Lenin use? What economic plan does Stalin use?

12. Republic of China (1912-1949) • 1911: Sun Yat-sen (western-educated) headed the Republican Revolution and was elected president of Republic of China • Regional warlords tried to overthrow him • Five Races Under One Union flag adopted: represented harmony of five major ethnic groups – Han (red), Manchus (yellow), Mongols (blue), Hui [Muslim Chinese] (white), Tibetans (black) • 1912: Puyi, last Qing emperor, abdicated during Republican Revolution • 1919: At Treaty of Versailles, Japan was granted German spheres of influence in China; China upset as they were allies with Entente too and wanted that territory back • May 4, 1919: The May Fourth Movement • Resistance to Japanese encroachments in China from Treaty of Versailles • Attempt to create a liberal democracy in China, stronger military to eject imperial powers, and institute liberal reforms • Ineffective against powerful warlords

13. Seizure of Power by China’s Kuomintang • Nationalist party (Kuomintang) was formed • Organized by Sun Yat-sen • 1925: Yat-sen dies; led by Chiang Kai-shek • Will be biggest rival for communism • Early accomplishments • Crushed warlords • Established a dictatorship • Nationalists focused on political issues; ignored famine, education, and domestic programs  issues important to peasants • Therefore, the Communist Party posed a threat since it was more appealing to peasants • 1924: Nationalists form fake alliance with Chinese Communists • 1924: Whampoa Military Academy opened; led by Kai-shek; US supplied weaponry

14. Marxist Alternatives in China • Li Dazhao, Chinese intellectual, reworked Marxist ideology to fit China. • Li was convinced that China’s small urban working class was unable to carry out the revolution by itself. • Because of these views, he disregarded or played down the doctrine of proletarian class struggle presented in Marxism-Leninism. • Li altered Marx’s two-class system by extending it to a two-region system (bourgeoisie, oppressive West and proletariat China). • Believed in social reform, an authoritarian state (to intervene constructively in people’s lives), and social welfare. • 1921: Communist Party of China created. • Young Mao Zedong a member; influential in attracting followers • Li’s ideas formed the core of Mao’s thinking

15. Bourgeoisie (The oppressive, capitalist West) China has not industrialized 1st Estate (Church) 2nd Estate (royalty and aristocracy) Proletariat (The peasants and working class in China) 3rd Estate (bourgeoisie and peasants) 1) Early Modern European Classes 2) Post-Industrial Classes Classless Society -NO private property -Equity of resources and production Socialist Revolution Dazhao claims China can have a proletarian revolution without all peasants involved 3) Post-Socialist Revolution

16. Mao Zedong and Civil War (1927-1949) • 1927: Kai-Shek turned against communists and attacked them in Shanghai; civil war breaks out. • Kai-shek captured areas in the Yangtze Rivervalley, Shanghai, Beijing and Huanghe River valley. • 1934: Mao Zedong led the Long March • 90,000 communists in the Chinese Red Army marched thousands of miles to escape Kuomintang. • Used dilapidated wooden rifles— when armed at all—to defend against the Nationalists’ machine guns and foreign-supplied arsenal. • During this trek, Mao solidified his position in the Communist Party leadership and gained followers • Communists and Nationalists have to ally during WWII to fight Japanese invaders • Civil war between Communists and Kuomintang ends in 1949 • Message of communism (land reform) had gained support with peasants • Kai-Shek and Kuomintang fled to Taiwan • Mao proclaimed People’s Republic of China

17. Quick Review Question How is Communism altered in China? What event helps to solidify Mao Zedong’s power in the Communist party?

18. Militarization of Japan • Economy remained strong in the Roaring Twenties • Fully industrialized after 1931: expanded factories, arms production, shipbuilding, and agricultural output. • Aggressive foreign policy by government controlled by the military. • Entered WWI; pursues German-held islands in Pacific and China. • Japan proposed Twenty-One Demands to China • Would have reduced China to a protectorate.

19. Rise of Fascism • Fascism: authoritarian, nationalist regime • Attacked the weakness of democracy, the corruption of capitalism, and took control of the economy to reduce social friction. • Italy: Benito Mussolini emerged in 1919, formed Fascist Party, and aimed to restore Italy to height of its past. • 1922-1945: Ruled as Prime Minister • Argued a corporate state would replace both capitalism and socialism with a new national unity. • Eliminated opponents; directed nationalist propaganda; begins government-directed economic programs; promoted aggressive foreign policy • 1935: Mussolini attacked and won Ethiopia; League of Nations condemned this but did not take action. • Spain: Francisco Franco brings fascist party (Falange) to power through the Spanish Civil War(1936-1939) • Franco, the general of the Spanish military, won after three years of fighting.

20. Rise of Nazism & Third Reich • Weimar Republic (1919-1933): New democratic government replaced the German Empire; result of Treaty of Versailles. • Economic chaos: severe inflation • Impact of Depression and German humiliation post-WWI led to the rise of fascist regime. • Hitler waned to recoup Germany after WWI through aggressive foreign policy • 1933: The National Socialist, or Nazi, regime in Germany was led by Adolf Hitler. • Totalitarianism: government that exercises massive control over virtually all of its citizens’ actions; state should provide guidance and return to tradition • Hitler wanted unity, and a strong leader under a centralized state who would attack what he claimed were Jewish influences in Germany. • The Gestapo, or secret police, arrested political opponents. • Hitler blamed Jews for excessive capitalismand for weakening German spirit (anti-Semitism) • Claims they had weakened Germans (broadly, Aryans) who were superior peoples • Post-1940s: pursues literal and complete elimination of Jews.

21. Timeline of Hitler’s Rise • 1933: Hitler set up totalitarian state. • 1935: Rearms Germany, disregarding Treaty of Versailles • 1938: Anschluss (unification with Austria) • 1938: Munich Conference leads to policy of appeasement (GB and Fr have Germany promise not to take more territory) • 1939: Hitler annexes Czechoslovakia • 1939: Nonaggression pact with Soviet Union • September 1, 1939: Hitler attacked Poland  begins WWII

22. Quick Review Question Describe fascism. What three countries in Europe develop large fascist parties? List some early events that gained Hitler power.