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SITUATIONS AND SOCIAL ROLES

Explore the impact of social roles and situations on human behavior, learning from Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment. Dive into the bystander effect, social loafing, and group polarization, understanding how group dynamics influence individual actions in decision-making processes.

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SITUATIONS AND SOCIAL ROLES

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  1. SITUATIONS AND SOCIAL ROLES Like Milgram, in his Stanford Prison experiment Philip Zimbardo demonstrated under certain conditions, normal, decent people can be abnormally cruel → Zimbardo randomly assigned 24 stable, healthy male college students to be either a ‘guard’ or a ‘prisoner’ in a fake prison

  2. SITUATIONS AND SOCIAL ROLES → after six days Zimbardo called off the study because the ‘guards’ became sadistic and degrading, while the majority of ‘prisoners’ became apathetic and listless

  3. SITUATIONS AND SOCIAL ROLES → Zimbardo attributed the behavior to situational forces and the gradual adoption of the (social) roles of prison guards

  4. GROUP BEHAVIOR – THE BYSTANDER EFFECT People behave differently in groups than when they are alone; the bystander effect refers to the tendency for any person to be less likely to give aid if other people are present → if it is unclear that there is an emergency/the person needs help, the less likely someone will help

  5. THE BYSTANDER EFFECT → the diffusion of responsibility means that since we are not alone in a group, we are not alone in responsibility (“someone else will help”)

  6. GROUP BEHAVIOR – SOCIAL FACILITITATION Social facilitation refers to the strengthened performance on simple or well-learned tasks when in the presence of others → file under same but different: we perform worse on more difficult tasks with others around

  7. GROUP BEHAVIOR – SOCIAL LOAFING Social loafing refers to the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when being held individually accountable → once again, diffusion of responsibility plays a role, as does the ‘free ride’ effect for those who are unmotivated

  8. GROUP BEHAVIOR – DEINDIVIDUATION Deindividuation occurs when the presence of others both arouses people (social facilitation) AND diminishes feelings of responsibility (social loafing) at the same time → when we shed self- awareness and restraint we become more responsive to the group, for better (at a sporting event) or worse (in a mob)

  9. GROUP DECISION-MAKING: POLARIZATION Group polarization refers to the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group → like-minded people provide an ‘echo chamber’ that intensify individual inclinations: ideological separation + conversation = polarization

  10. GROUPTHINK Groupthink occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives → associated with JFK’s Bay of Pigs invasion, groupthink often involves an overestimation of unanimity in close-knit, cohesive groups making stressful decisions viewed in ‘us-versus-them’ terms

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