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Cell Biology

This review explores the major parts and functions of eukaryotic cells, focusing on cell communication, structure, metabolism, and cellular injury. It also delves into the mechanisms and causes of cell death and the effects of stress on intracellular changes.

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Cell Biology

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  1. Cell Biology Review and Altered Functions

  2. Embryonic Stem Cells

  3. Man Made Stem Cells

  4. Adult Stem Cells

  5. Major Parts

  6. Eukaryotic Cell Structure

  7. Cell Functions • Communicate • Absorb • Secrete • Excrete • Respire • Move • Conduct • Reproduce

  8. What is the “Brain” of the cell?

  9. Cell Membrane (“membrain”) • Structure • Function • Receptors • Junctions • Signal Transduction • Transport Gradients • Concentration • Dependent • Independent • Electrical • Pressure

  10. Bulk Transport

  11. Cell Membrane Proteins

  12. Na+/K+ Pump

  13. Cell Junctions

  14. Adhesion Molecules • Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAM) • Bind growth factors • Cadherins • Bind cell membranes to form junctions • Selectins • Bind WBCs during inflammatory reactions • Integrins • Binds extra cellular matrix proteins

  15. Cell Junctions

  16. Cancer Metastasis

  17. Cell Signals

  18. Hormone vs. Neurotransmitter

  19. Target Cell

  20. Receptors

  21. Cell Receptor Summary

  22. Alterations in Membrane: enzymes, ions reactive oxygen species (ROS) Adhesion molecules: defense, clotting, metastasis Gradients: water, ions, glucose Transport Proteins: pumps, channels Signaling molecules: hyper/hypo production Receptors: destroyed, blocked, triggered Abnormal Intercellular Communication

  23. Mitochondria

  24. Macromolecules Energy Requirements: BMR, TMR Energy Forms Metabolic Pathways Glycolysis Aerobic Respiration Beta Oxidation Deamination Cellular Metabolism

  25. Metabolic Pathways: Aerobic Krebs Cycle

  26. Metabolic Pathways: Proteins & Lipids

  27. Metabolism Summary

  28. Metabolic Alterations • Alterations • Impaired Input • Malnutrition • Malabsorption • Impaired Balance • Hypoxia • Toxicity • Trauma • Genetic • Demand Changes • Hypometabolic State • Aging, • Immobility • Hypermetabolic State • Pregnancy • Hypothermia • Wound healing • Stress Alcohol Metabolism

  29. Cell Cycle

  30. Cell Divisions Compared

  31. Tissue Types

  32. Tissues • Repair • Regeneration • Scar Tissue • Death • Apoptosis • Necrosis

  33. Mechanisms of Cellular Injury • Response depends on • Type of injury • Duration • Severity • Consequences depend on • Type of cell • Current physiology of cell • Adaptability • Vulnerable cell sites • Cell Membrane • Mitochondria • Nucleus • Hypoxia • Ischemia • Oxidants

  34. Causes of Cellular Injury • Physical • Chemical • Microbial • Immunologic • Genetic • Nutritional • Aging

  35. Toxic, Chemical, or Physical Injury • Chemical • Environmental agents • Drugs • Metabolites • Physical • Trauma • Temperature • Radiation

  36. Heat Injury to RBCs

  37. Pathogenesis example

  38. Sequella to injury

  39. Changes due to injury

  40. Transient if stress is removed Compensatory responses Full capacity to repair Adaptation with diminished capacity Cell Responses Cell swelling (hypertrophy) Na+/K+ pump damaged Osmosis Fatty changes Cell metabolism changes Severe injury Slower to recover Reversible Injury Processes

  41. Reversible Injury in the Liver • Gross Findings • Greasy • Pale • Enlarged • Cellular Metabolism Stops • Disruption of Beta Oxidation • FA  Triglycerides • Cytoplasmic fat droplets Fatty Liver

  42. Define Hypoxia End results ATP production changes Anaerobic mechanisms pH changes Organ Diseases Lungs Heart Blood Vessels Blood Define Ischemia End results Hypoxia Infarct Organ problems Arteries Veins Hypoxia and Ischemia

  43. Ischemia  Infarct Necrosis Coagulative necrosis in the kidney

  44. Ischemia Pathway

  45. Reversible Injury from Hypoxia/Ischemia • Decreased Oxidative phosphorylation • Decreased ATP • Depletion of glycogen • Decreased pH • Decreased protein synthesis • Electrolyte changes • Na+ • K+ • Ca++ • Increased osmosis • Swollen organelles Small Intestine

  46. Stress and Intracellular Changes • Cytoskeleton • Lysosomes • Mitochondria • SER • Intracellular accumulations • Fat • Protein • Glycogen • Pigments • Cholesterol

  47. Stressors and Cell Death

  48. Lipofuscin Pigment in hepatocytes

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