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Hazards and Risks

Hazards and Risks. Risk Assessment. Hazard Identification Dose-Response Assessment Exposure Assessment Risk Characterization Modeling Probability. Major Types of Hazards. Cultural Hazards Chemical Hazards Physical Hazards Biological Hazards. Chemical Hazards. Hazardous Chemicals

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Hazards and Risks

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  1. Hazards and Risks

  2. Risk Assessment • Hazard Identification • Dose-Response Assessment • Exposure Assessment • Risk Characterization • Modeling • Probability

  3. Major Types of Hazards • Cultural Hazards • Chemical Hazards • Physical Hazards • Biological Hazards

  4. Chemical Hazards • Hazardous Chemicals • Mutagens • Teratogens • Carcinogens • Endocrine disruptors

  5. Hazardous Chemicals • Flammable or explosive • Irritant • Asphixiant • allergen

  6. Common Chemical Agents with Adverse Health Affects • Arsenic • Asbestos • Benzene • Chlorine • Formaldehyde • Lead • Mercury • Dioxins

  7. Biological Agents • Pathogenicity • Route of transmission • Agent stability • Infectious dose • Concentration • Origin • Data from animal studies • Prophylaxis

  8. TB Dengue Fever Malaria Yellow Fever Cholera Trypanosomiasis Cryptosporidosis Anthrax Encephalitis Lassa Fever Leprosy Giardiasis Salmonella Plague Encephalitis Ebola Influenza Hepatitis Common Human Diseases

  9. Toxicity: Determining if a chemical is harmful • Size of dose over time • How often exposure occurs • Acute vs. chronic • Age of person exposed • Adult, very old, child, infant • State of health • Immune compromised • Body fat • How well body detoxifies • Lungs, liver, kidnies

  10. When does a contaminant become just a harmless environmental tracer Since we rarely have good data about threshold effects, we assume they are not present

  11. Tetrachloroethylene (PCE, dry cleaning fluid) is a common contaminant

  12. Radioactive tritium (3H) is of concern at very low concentration and is present in the environment at exceedingly low concentration

  13. Arsenic is an example of a different pattern where the detection limit is large compared to possible health goals

  14. Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds (EDC) in wastewater are a concern An environmental endocrine disruptor is defined as an exogenous agent that interferes with the synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of natural hormones in the body that are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis, reproduction, development, and/or behavior." (EPA 1997)

  15. (C9H19) OH Nonylphenol OH HO 17b-Estradiol Nonylphenol (NP) is an important EDC NP is a metabolite of alkylphenol ethoxylate (APEO) surfactants and is commonly detected in treated wastewater (mg/L). • APEOs are among the most widely used groups of surfactants. Worldwide, about 500,000 tons are produced annually.

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