Chapter 1

1. Chapter 1 New World Encounters

2. The Arrival • People arrived on North American continent 35,000 years ago via land bridge called Beringia -- p.5 map • Beringia later covered by water as polar ice cap melted • Those who came were hunters looking for mammoths, mastadons, bison, and caribou • First peoples were of Clovis Culture

3. Beringia

4. Clovis Culture • They later became known as Native Americans • Within 1,000 years they had spread throughout the Western Hemisphere • Language changed as they encountered new objects and animals • Eventually 2,000 distinct languages developed belonging to 12 language groups or families

5. Cultures changed as well as languages • Arawaks • Encountered Columbus • Peaceful, gentle people • Refined basketweaver

6. Mayans -Found in southern Mexico and in Guatemala -Created cities -Were religious -Created solar calendar of 365 days -Had system of writing -Had stadiums and sports - Had astronomers

7. Mayan

8. Mayan Calendar

9. Aztecs - Highly structured society - division of labor -farmers -artisans -construction workers

10. Aztec Calendar

11. Aztec Empire

12. Aztecs • Conquered Mayans around 1500 CE • They adopted and adapted Mayan culture • had religious ceremonies and sacrifices • had gold and silver mines • had laws and rulers

13. Others • Nomadic hunters and gatherers • ruled by a central authority • women had respect and power • Grew the food and raised the children - -fertility

14. Misconceptions • Western Europeans were not the first to encounter Native Americans • contact with Japanese and Chinese fishermen around 200 BCE • contact with West Africans around 1,000-500 BCE • Contact with Europeans around the 1480s, if not earlier

15. Europeans settled a sparsely inhabited land. • now believed that there were 4 – 10 million Native Americans in the Americas • Initial contact with Europeans occurred before anyone estimated the size of population; estimates came later • Europeans were carriers of diseases for which Native Americans had no immunities; millions died as a result

16. Food • Native Americans were only hunters and gatherers • many practiced agriculture • used slash and burn method • they altered the land • they grew squash, beans, tomatoes, maize, peppers, potatoes, etc. • they set up fish traps called weirs

17. Villages • Some were walled for protection; some were open • Some were patriarchal; some had female leaders • Sachem or Werowance (leader) only carried out wishes of the group • Leaders chosen for their wisdom • Leader could be removed for cause

18. Religion • Practiced animism • believed there were spirits in the things of nature • polytheistic with a main god

19. Concept of Ownership • Was a foreign concept to Native Americans • Shared what they had – crops, land • Often Europeans who were used to the concept of ownership would just take the land and establish ownership; the Native Americans did not understand this

20. Hostile Tribes? • On the whole, tribal villages coexisted peacefully • They forged alliances • Iroquois Confederacy • Mohawk • Oneida • Onondaga • Cayuga • Senaca • Tuscarora

21. Villages traded with one another • Europeans helped de-stabilize the harmony that once existed among tribes • they pitted one tribe against another to get the goods they wanted • they paid tribes with firearms altering warfare

22. European Exploration • Irish monk, St. Brendan is said to have come to North America in 5th century • Vikings came in 10th century to establish settlements, p. 16 photo • Eric the Red • Leif, his son

23. European exploration began in earnest in 15th century • Spain: began colonizing by taking Canary Islands where they set up a harsh labor system they would later use in the Americas • Christopher Columbus – 4 trips, the first in 1492 landing in the Bahamas • Conquistadors: Hernan Cortes in Mexico and Francisco Pizarro in the Andes in South America were quite successful

24. Columbus and Cortes

25. Pizarro

26. Samuel de Champlain settled Quebec for France • 1497, an Italian, John Cabot, working for Henry VII of England, claimed Newfoundland for England • Sir Walter Raleigh was the first English adventurer to found a New World colony, Virginia • His colonists, however, landed on Roanoke Island in North Carolina; this colony failed twice – the Lost Colony

27. Roanoke Colony

28. In 1607, the London Virginia Company established Jamestown, the first permanent British settlement in the New World • Became successful by following the plantation model of settlement and because Native Americans helped them

29. Jamestown Colony

30. Reasons for Colonization • Wished to be self-sufficient • using products found in New World, countries could reduce their dependence on one another • Wanted to reduce populations by sending people to New World colonies • God, Gold, and Glory

31. Labor • English tried to enslave Native Americans like the Spanish, Natives knew the land and kept running away • So like the Spanish and the Portuguese before them , the English became involved in the African slave trade • African slave trade began for Europeans in the 15th century and didn’t end until 1925; the Portuguese were the first ones in and the last to abandon it