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Colons

Colons. By: Mary Julienne, Dwight Matsukawa, Emre Kisacikoglu, and Ivan Dinev. Colons definition (:). A mark of punctuation that means to “note the following”. Helps add explanation to the statement preceding the colon, unless used in unconventional terms. Colon Rules.

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Colons

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  1. Colons By: Mary Julienne, Dwight Matsukawa, Emre Kisacikoglu, and Ivan Dinev

  2. Colons definition (:) A mark of punctuation that means to “note the following”. Helps add explanation to the statement preceding the colon, unless used in unconventional terms.

  3. Colon Rules • A colon is used to present either one or multiple things in a sentence • Unless you have a proper noun, the word that comes right after the colon does not have to be capitalized • Don’t use a colon in front of a list if it comes after a preposition or a verb • When using single words or phrases, ending punctuation and capitalization is optional

  4. ↓ Colon usages: • Introducing items or a series of items • Connecting independent clauses where the latter elaborates on the former • Introducing a quote • Letter introductions • Titles

  5. Rule of thumb: If it still makes sense without a colon, it doesn’t need a colon. This does not apply conversely.

  6. Capitalization: Generally, don’t capitalize things after colons. Exceptions are in quotations: This is why: “Useful quotation.” Also, if there multiple sentences after the colon that form one thought, you may capitalize them: The old saying goes: Improvise. Adapt. Overcome.

  7. Colon Examples • You will have to pack: a pillow, a sleeping bag, a toothbrush, and a change of clothes. • For a highschool student to graduate, they must finish the following: four years of English, two years of Math, and two years of Science.

  8. Test Samples: • There are two choices at this time, they are to: run away or fight. • We knew who would win the game: the Eagles • This was first said: by Shakespeare "To thine own self be true."

  9. Semicolons Keren K., Gianna G., Dylan G., Landon F. Keren K., Gianna G., Landon F., Dylan G. Period 3

  10. Semicolon grammar rules A semicolon is a punctuation mark that can be used to separate independent clauses that are not joined by a coordinating conjunction If two independent clauses are able to stand alone then use a semicolon (;) to join them together A semicolon can also be used with a conjunction adverb (however, accordingly, next, etc.)

  11. Semicolon examples • The chocolate looked really good; It went in my stomach. • The pizza delivery came late; we didn’t tip him for the inconvenience it has caused us. • I ate strawberries; however Keren ate a orange.

  12. Test questions (Find the mistake) • You need new brakes otherwise you may not be able to stop in time. • I know you don't like broccoli nevertheless it is very good for you. • I had a huge meal however, I am already hungry again.

  13. Answers • You need new brakes; otherwise you may not be able to stop in time. • I know you don't like broccoli; nevertheless it is very good for you. • I had a huge meal; however, I am already hungry again.

  14. Parentheses By: Aaliyah, Tyler, Riley, Max Per. 3

  15. What are Parentheses? ParentheseA parenthesis is curved line used to interject an explanation or remark, it shows separation in a sentence and can also be used in math. NounIt can be a word, clause, or phrase put in as an explanation into a passage that is a complete sentence.

  16. Uses of parentheses Parentheses (the best grammar rule) can be used for a plethora of things such as clarification, separating extra information, citations, and lists. They are also often used in algebraic equations. Parentheses help make sentences more clear and easier to understand by adding additional information.

  17. Parentheses Examples • He was thinking of adopting a dog (a small white one with black spots). • “‘Who’s Stradlater’s date?’ He said.” (Salinger 31) • Before you eat breakfast, (1) make your bed, (2) brush your teeth, and (3) take a shower.

  18. Quiz Questions • What are parentheses? • When do you use parentheses? • Is this a proper way to use parentheses? Max told me he played football (liar).

  19. Brackets Joe Berlin, Aidan Chung, Jacob Luvisi, Paris Wilson.

  20. Brackets Brackets are used to add contextual information that may be helpful to the reader in order to help them understand the text better.

  21. Using Brackets As Interruptions Brackets can be used as interruptions. When they are included in a text, they can signify that someone else has added something to a quotation, which are then used to comment or clarify the quote. For example… “She [the store clerk] had to give the customer his change after paying for his meal.”

  22. Using Brackets to Signify a Correction If an original text has incorrect grammar, spelling, or punctuation, inserting the Latin term “sic” in square brackets right after the error can indicate a mistake. (Sic means “thus” in Latin.) Example… ”Nesbitt learnt [sic] how with the support of UNICEF these children have slowly managed to return to a semblance of normal life.”

  23. Using Brackets to Retain Formal Integrity If some phrase is quoted, brackets are used to insert a capitalized letter if that same letter was not originally capitalized in the original quote. Or if you were to change the uppercase letter to lowercase one. For example… "[t]o strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield."* * “to” was originally capitalized but for the text, is not.

  24. Test Questions: • Put the closing bracket: He [the firefighter put out the fire. • What is one way Square Brackets is used? • Includethe Square Bracket: It is a fantastic question.

  25. Hyphens -Amanda Roberts, Andrew Blair, Michael Smart, Greyson Leach

  26. Grammar Rule • A hyphen (-) is a punctuation mark that is used to connect words or parts of words in such a way that indicates a connected meaning • A compound modifier is the combination of two words to function as a single adjective, the hyphen is used to combine these two words • Cannot be replaced by any other kind of dash

  27. Examples 1. We’re looking for a dog-friendly hotel. 2. Load-bearing walls are important for the structure of a building. 3. 300-325 people

  28. Test Questions • What is a Hyphen? • Joins two words as a single word • Separates two words as two different subjects

  29. Test Questions 2. Find the mistake We found our mistake when we discovered the cake is rockhard.

  30. Test Question When is it not appropriate to use a hyphen? • When it’s being used as a comma. • When writing numbers with fractions. • When using compound numbers.

  31. DASHES By: Derek Jones, Aren Aune, Bella Gerard, And Ralph Torres

  32. DISCLAIMER: THERE IS A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HYPHENS AND DASHES! HYPHENS: they are used to join two words to create conjoined meaning such as the phrase“father-in-law”. Hyphens can also be used to indicate that a word has a been cut off at the end of a line in a passage

  33. En Dashes (-) En dashes are used to indicate periods of time or ranges of numbers. En dashes can also be used to create a connection between two hyphenated words. Can be interpreted as “to” or “through”

  34. EXAMPLES En dashes used to indicate time periods/ ranges of numbers: Mrs. McCloud assigned pages 1-21 for homework. She has a 9:00-5:00 job. En dashes used to indicate a conjoined meaning: Pro-vaxxers-anti-vaxxers debate Pro-life-pro-choice debate.

  35. Em DASHES (--) Em dashes help the flow of sentences. They can replace parentheses, colons, or omitted/censored words. Good morning.

  36. EXAMPLES After a split second of hesitation, the second baseman leaped for the ball (or, rather, limped for it). becomes... After a split second of hesitation, the second baseman leaped for the ball—or, rather, limped for it. He is afraid of two things: spiders and senior prom. becomes... He is afraid of two things—spiders and senior prom.

  37. Sample Test Question #1 How is the punctuation below used? Is Dash or Hyphen used? We have to go back to the trunk- I left our toys there

  38. Sample Answer #1 A Dash is used; it separates the sentence elements.

  39. Apostrophes By: Roger, Jake, William, and Jed

  40. Apostrophe (noun)- used to show possession; to combine words as a contraction; used to abbreviate numbers Examples: Roger’s fish got away. Roger is part of the class of ‘21. Roger doesn’t have fish.

  41. Possessive To show possession in a sentence, take the subject’s owner and add an apostrophe and an “s”. For example… -”Wow! My wife’s voice is so lovely!”

  42. Apostrophes used in regular nouns Regular Noun- Nouns that form their plurals by adding either s or es ( Letter’s, actresses) • Put an apostrophe after the s Correct: Guys’ night out. ( guy+s+’) Incorrect: Guy’s night out. (implies only one guy)

  43. Plural Apostrophes When the subject showing possession is plural, the apostrophe is put after the “s”. For example… - ”The fabulous and fat fish sold at Roger’s fortuitous fish shacks have the competitors’ businesses quaking.”

  44. It is always a treat when _________ are in season. apple’s apples’ apples

  45. 2. When a ______ tail wags it means there happy. dogs dog’s c) dogs’

  46. 3. Choose the correct sentence. Her husbands wallet was full of curious items. B) Her husband’s wallet was full of curious items. C) Her husbands’ wallet was full of curious items.

  47. Sample Test Questions #2 Is this punctuation a en dash or a em dash? Please read pages 4567-8907.

  48. Sample Test Question #2 Answer That’s correct! En dashes

  49. Sample Test Question #3 What is the difference between hyphens and dashes?

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