The Scientific Revolution

1. The Scientific Revolution

2. Scientific Revolution- AKA- “The Age of Reason” • Sci. Rev. = new way of examining the world logically • Began in 1600s. Height = mid-1700’s • Paved way for Enlightenment.

3. Geocentric Theory • Earth is the center of the universe • Idea came from Aristotle – Greek Philosopher • Ptolemy – Greek Astronomer expanded the theory • Christianity

4. Scientific Revolution • A new way of thinking about the natural world based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs.

5. Heliocentric Theory • The sun is the center of the universe • Polish cleric • Nicolaus Copernicus

6. Tycho Brahe – recorded movements of the planets for years, lots of data and observations His assistant, Johannes Kepler continued his work, great mathematician

7. Galileo Galilei • Italian scientist & new theories about astronomy • Telescope • Starry Messenger – astronomy observations • Jupiter had 4 moons • Sun had dark spots • Earth’s moon is rough & uneven • Laws of Motions • Supported Copernicus & shattered Aristotle

8. Conflicts with the Church • Galileo’s findings scared Catholics & Protestants • Went against church teachings & authority • Start questioning the church…. • Galileo confessed agreeing with Copernicus, almost tortured, retraced his statement, and then was on house arrest for the rest of his life.

9. The Scientific Method • Thanks to Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo • Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas • Problem or Question, from observation • Hypothesis • Experiment • Analyze Data • Theory

10. Francis Bacon • English statesman and writer, had a passionate interest in science • Attacked medieval scholars for relying on Aristotle • Urged scientists to experiment and then draw conclusions • EMIPIRICISM

11. Rene Descartes • Developed analytical geometry • Rejected old assumptions and teachings • Relied on mathematics and logic • “I think, therefore I am”

12. Newton Explains the Law of Gravity • Isaac Newton – English scientist • Single theory of motion • By 26, knew that all physical objects were affected equally by the same forces • Same force ruled motion of the planets and all matter on earth and in space • Law of Universal Gravitation • The degree of attraction depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them

13. Scientific Instruments • Zacharias Janssen • Dutch maker of eyeglasses • First microscope * Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a microscope to observe bacteria swimming in tooth scrapings and examined red blood cells for the first time

14. Scientific Instruments • Evangelista Torricelli (1643) • Galileo’s student • First mercury barometer, a tool for measuring atmospheric pressure and predicting weather • Gabriel Fahrenheit made the first thermometer to use mercury in glass in 1714 • Anders Celsius created another scale for the mercury thermometer in 1742

15. Medicine and the Human Body • Middle Ages – accepted the writings of Greek physician named Galen as fact • Compared humans to pigs – same anatomy? • Andreas Vesalius – proved Galen wrong • First to dissect human corpses and publish observations • Edward Jenner – created vaccine to prevent small pox

16. Discoveries in Chemistry • Robert Boyle – used scientific method in chemistry • Modern founder of chemistry, challenged Aristotle • Boyle’s Law – explains how the volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect one another.