Special Nutritional Needs

1. Special Nutritional Needs Foods I Obj. 4.02

2. Eating Through the Life Cycle • Refer to picture • Each person requires a different amount of nutrients and food

3. Eating Through the Life Cycle • Stages of the Life Cycle • Pregancy • Lactation • Infancy (0-12 months) • Toddler (1-3 years) • Preschool (3+ years) • School-aged • Teen-aged • Adults • Older Adults (50+ years)

4. Eating Through the Life Cycle • Pregnancy • Choosing low-fat, nutrient dense foods • Increase calories based on Dr’s recommendation • Extra helpings of dairy items • Reduce Caffeine intake • Iron needs to double • Folic acid—Why? • Contaminants in foods can cause problems • Fish (tuna, swordfish, etc.)

5. Eating Through the Life Cycle • Pregnancy • Poor eating habits place the baby at risk for serious problems • Inadequate nutrition can damage the mother’s health also. • Baby pulls nutrients from mother’s supply • Teen pregnancy • Teens need added nutrients for their own growth and development • Increase in low birth weight, physical, and learning problems

6. Lactation—Feeding Your Child • Nutritional Needs • Increase water, calcium, protein, folic acid. • Increase calories based upon body weight. • Foods to Avoid • Eat no more than two meals per week of fish high in mercury.

7. Eating Through the Life Cycle • Infancy • (0-12 months) • The infant body grows more at this period of time than any other in life. • Good nutrition is critical for keeping the infant healthy.

8. Eating Through the Life Cycle • Infancy • Breast-feeding vs. Bottle-feeding • Both provide all the nutrients needed • Yet, breast milk is recommended • Why? • This milk has the right balance of fat, carbs, and protein for the baby. • Lowers the rate of infections • Mother passes immunities to baby through colostrum • Lactation • Mother is burning calories while producing milk therefore she still needs to eat nutritiously. • Watch out for spicy foods, acidic foods, etc. • No alcohol or drugs!!!

9. Eating Through the Life Cycle • Infancy • 4-6 months--Add solid foods—mash, iron-fortified cereal • Introduce one food at a time—Why? • 9 months—self feeding • Example of finger foods. • Watch for food allergies these could be deadly

10. Eating Through the Life Cycle • Infancy • Foods to Avoid • Avoid honey or corn syrup. • Beware of choking risks. • Eat no more than two meals per week of fish high in mercury. • Withhold juice until 6 months of age. • Need whole milk for infants up to two years of age

11. Toddler (1-3 years) Nutritional Needs Increase iron. Introduce new flavors and textures in order to increase the variety of foods. Increase self-feeding. This becomes an important developmental milestone. Foods to Avoid Eat no more than two meals per week of fish high in mercury. No hot dogs, nuts, seeds, chunks of meat or cheese, whole grapes, hard, gooey, or sticky candy, popcorn, chunks or peanut butter, raw vegetables, raisins, or chewing gum. No more than 16-24 ounces of milk or 4-6 ounces of juice/day. Servings should be ¼ size of adults. Eating Through the Life Cycle

12. Eating Through the Life Cycle • Preschool • (3+ years) • Nutritional Needs • Need same variety of foods as adults but in smaller proportions. • Serve about 2/3 of a serving. • Entice them with foods that are bright in color, to make it more appealing. • Encourage children to try new foods.

13. Eating Through the Life Cycle • Pre-school • Children have small stomachs and short attention spans • Try small meals and regular snacks throughout the day • Appetite varies depending on growth • During growth spurts they may eat more

14. Eating Through the Life Cycle • School-aged • 2nd most rapid growth period of life • Need for calcium and iron for bone growth is of most importance • Like toddlers, teens have growth spurts—increase in caloric needs • Continue healthy eating habits • Dieting, losing weight, etc can be harmful

15. Eating Through the Life Cycle • School Age • Girls need 2200 kcal per day • Boys need 2800 kcal per day • Foods to Avoid • High-sugar snacks • Fatty foods

16. Teens Nutritional Needs Eat more carbohydrates. Females need more calcium and iron. Foods to Avoid Avoid fried and saturated fats, excessive salt and sugars. Eating Through the Life Cycle

17. Eating Through the Life Cycle • Adulthood • Dilemma • Need for nutrients but less calories • Need for exercise but no time • Solution • Choosing a variety of healthful, low-calorie food • Making regular physical activity a priority

18. Older Adults (50+ years) Nutritional Needs More vitamin B6, B12, and vitamin D and calcium. Follow dietary guideline daily. Foods to Avoid Eat no more than two meals per week of fish high in mercury. No unpasteurized cheese, raw fish, raw milk, soft cheese, lightly cooked egg, raw meat or poultry or raw sprouts. Eating Through the Life Cycle

19. Eating Through the Life Cycle • Older Adults • Good nutrition = longer life • Why • Should choose nutrient-dense foods • Thirst signals decline therefore adults need make sure to get 8-8oz cups a day

20. Eating Through the Life Cycle • Older adults • Men over 51 need 2300 calories per day • Women over 51 need 1900 calories per day • Problems • Low income • Disabilities • Depression

21. Foods I—Obj. 4.02 Nutrition and Chronic Conditions 5.02F Nutrition and Chronic Conditions 21

22. Nutrition and Chronic Conditions • The following chronic conditions may be affected by managing ones eating patterns include: • High Blood Cholesterol • Hypertension/High blood pressure • Obesity • Diabetes • Osteoporosis • Eating Disorders • Anorexia Nervosa • BulimiaNervosa • Binge Eating

23. Special Diets— High Blood Pressure • A risk factor for heart disease • 1# killer of women in US • Reduce sodium and saturated fats • Diet rich in calcium, potassium, and magnesium

24. Special Diets— High cholesterol • Causes • Eating Fatty (saturated fats) foods • Eating High cholesterol foods • Lack of Fiber in the diet • Increase risk of heart disease and stroke • Symptoms • Elevated blood pressure • Elevated HDL/LDL levels • Foods to include • Low-fat or Fat-free • Whole grains • Lean meats • Fish • Fresh fruits and vegetables • Foods to avoid • Partially hydrogenated oils • Processed snack foods • Highly marbled meats

25. What is it? A condition in which the body cannot control blood sugar levels If left untreated it can cause severe damage to the body—especially the kidneys, eyes, and heart To control—carbs are rationed through regular meals and careful food choices Causes Eating foods high in sugar Excessive body weight Low consumption of fiber Symptoms Excessive thirst Fatigue Foods to include Low-sugar and sugar-free Protein foods Whole grains Reduced-fat and fat-free Foods to avoid Foods that are high in sugar Foods that are high in carbohydrates Special Diets—Diabetes—Type II

26. Obesity • 65% of all adults are overweight • Number of children under the age of 18 who are overweight has doubled in the last 30 years • Why?

27. Obesity • Foods to Include • Smaller portions • Reduced-fat or fat free • Whole grains • Fish • Fresh fruits and vegetables • Foods that Impact • Highly processed snack foods • Low-fiber content • High-fat foods

28. Portions

29. Obesity • Health problems • Excess weight = added strain on bones, muscles, and internal organs • Walking and breathing take extra effort • Heat and humidity increase stress • High blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, certain types of cancers • Over 15# can raise chance of early death

30. Fad Diets • A diet that is popular for a short period of time • Cabbage Diet • South Beach Diet • Fad Diets

31. Fashion model (female) 5’10’’ 120# Average female 5’4” 152# Fashion model (male) 6’0” 155# Average male 5’9” 180# Barbie Measurements Ideal Body Myth

33. Barbie’s Proportions • “Real Women • Average woman’s height is 5′4″ • Their weight is approx. 140 lbs. • They wear a size 14 dress • Their bust is between 36″ and 37″ (B cup) • Their waist is between 30″ and 34″ • Their hips average between 40″ and 42″ • Their shoe size is estimated to be between 8.5 and 9.5 • Barbie (as a human) • Barbie’s height would be 7′2″ • Her weight would be 101 lbs. • She would wear a size 4 dress • Her bust would be 39″ (FF cup) • Her waist would be 19″ (same as her head) • Her hips would be 33″ • Her shoe size would be a 5

34. Additional Information • Barbie’s body would have room for only half of a liver and only a few inches of intestines • As opposed to the usual 26 feet. • The result: chronic diarrhea and death from malabsorption & malnutrition. • Barbie’s neck is twice as long as the average humans • Making it impossible to hold up her head. • Barbie’s waist is the same circumference as her head. • There are 3 billion women on the planet who don’t look like Barbie; only 8 women come close. • To look like a barbie proportionally, a healthy woman would need to • add 2 feet to her height, • subtract 6 inches from her waist, • add 5 inches to her chest, and • 3 inches to her neck length. • If a woman had the same measurements as Barbie, she would not have enough body fat to menstruate (and obviously to have children). • Barbie’s legs are 50% longer than her arms, whereas the average woman’s legs are only 20% longer than her arms. • Barbie would be unable to walk upright (she would need to walk on all 4’s): • Her feet are so proportionately small that her chest would pull her perpetually forward onto her toes.”

35. Body’s type is combination of general body shape and height Determined by parents through genes Models achieve “ideals” through strict diets, exercise, and photo touch-ups. How do they do it? Dove clip Evolution--Dove Can you tell the difference? Why are these unreal for the “average” American?

46. Underweight • Who? • Models, jockeys, wrestlers, etc. • Problem • Not eating enough nutrients to meet body’s needs

47. Underweight • Health problems • Suffer from infections • Tire easily • Cold • Why?

48. Eating Disorders • Conditions marked by extreme emotions, attitudes, and behaviors related to food, eating, and weight. • May cause damage to health or threaten life

49. Anorexia Nervosa • An intense fear of gaining weight—see self as fat • Develop unusual eating habits • Strenuous exercising

50. Anorexia Nervosa • Starvation diet takes a toll on the body • Lower heart rate • Breathing rate • Blood pressure • Body temp • Lead to heart probs, osteoporosis, constipation • Stunt growth • Stop menstrual cycle