Understanding Genetic Engineering: DNA Technology Explained

1. Genetic Technology DNA Technology Genetic EngineeringALL THE SAME

2. Genetic Engineering: DNA Technology • process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms • uses DNA technology to cure diseases, treat genetic disorders, • improve food crops, etc.

3. How do we make changes to DNA of an organism??? USING….Restriction Enzymes: • bacterial enzymes • act like scissors that cut DNA molecules at specific sites • create sticky ends that can easily bind to complementary DNA and form new sequences of nucleotides

5. Plasmids are: • ring of DNA found in a bacterium (bacteria) in addition to its main chromosome • these plasmids can be cut with restriction enzymes, allowing other genes (donor genes) to be spliced into the plasmid • once gene has been spliced into plasmid, the plasmid is returned to the bacteria

6. insulin production

7. Plasmids are: • the bacteria then divides, giving copies of the new gene • recombinant DNA- combination of DNA from two or more sources • Ex.: inserting human gene for insulin into bacteria in order to produce large amounts of insulin for people whose bodies do not produce enough

9. MORE DNA Technology Techniques: • DNA Fingerprinting: pattern of bands made up of specific fragments from an organism's DNA •Uses: -determining relationships between individuals -determining how closely species are related -helping solve crimes

10. DNA Fingerprinting How it works: use RFLP analysis to (omit) extract DNA and cut it using restriction enzymes • gel electrophoresis: DNA placed into wells made on a gel; fragments or segments of DNA are then separated based on size and charge

12. Gel-Electrophoresis-Animation-

13. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) • used to quickly make many • copies of selected segments of DNA, only requires tiny amounts of DNA

14. Conceiving a Clone: Media Center

15. Human Genome Project (began in 1990) Purposes: • to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome (approx. 3 billion nucleotide pairs) • to map the location of every gene on each chromosome • improve diagnoses, treatments, and cures for genetic diseases

16. Human Genome Proj. • J. Craig Venter: Designing Life - 60 Minutes - CBS News

17. Cloning: • A group of genetically Identical cells • May be produces asexually… (Mitosis) • Growing Body Parts

18. Gene Therapy • treating a genetic disorder by introducing a gene into a cell or by correcting a gene defect in a cell's genome • involves ethical decisions - Ex. insurance companies

19. To Rw. Practical Uses of DNA Technology: • produce pharmaceutical products inexpensively • Ex. insulin

20. Practical Uses of DNA Technology: • produce effective vaccines • interesting research--scientists are creating a banana vaccine to vaccinate children against viral diseases like Hepatitis B

21. Practical Uses of DNA Technology: Increase agricultural yields by: • protecting plants by transferring genes that are harmful to pests into the plants • producing plants that are resistant to weed-controlling chemicals (herbicides) • developing plants that do not require fertilizers to grow

22. NOVA | scienceNOW | Personal DNA Testing | PBS • NOVA Online | Cracking the Code of Life | Watch the Program Here

23. Safety and Environmental Issues • genetically engineered foods may contain toxins, making people allergic to the foods • genetically engineered crops may take over the native plant species

24. Example of Genetic Engineering: • producing tomatoes that ripen without becoming soft and are supposed to taste better than commercially grown tomatoes