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Explore the importance of groundwater and its role in addressing water scarcity worldwide. Learn about water consumption facts, water scarcity issues, and health problems related to water. Discover how groundwater can be harnessed and managed to ensure a sustainable water supply.
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GROUNDWATER EENGINEERING ERT469 Prepared by: En Mohamed Azwan Mohamed Zawawi Editted by: Pn Fathin Ayuni Azizan
Introduction Facts on Water Worldwide Water Consumption - In 1950, the world’s population was about 2.5 billion. By 2010, population rose to 7 billion, and is predicted to be 9 billion in 2050. - The area under irrigation has doubled and the amount of water drawn for farming has tripled. - Farming accounts for 70% of water withdrawals worldwide, industry accounts for 22%, and domestic activities account for 8%. - Industry generates 70 times as much value from a liter of water than does agriculture. • Typical Water Use • All humans need a basic minimum of 2 liters(1/2 gal) of water each day for consumption. • When factoring in sanitation, bathing, and cooking needs, as well as basic survival, water demandrises to about 50 liters(13.2 gals) per person. • Millions of people live on less than 11 liters(3 gals) per day of water, while the average American uses 600 liters(160 gals) per day. • The average Ugandan draws 20 cubic meters (5,300 gals) for total water use versus 5,000 cubic meters (1.3 million gals) for the average Turkmenistani. • 7.6 million cubic meters (2 billion GPD) is used for golf course irrigation in the U.S. • U.S. swimming pools lose 568 million cubic meters (150 billion gals) to evaporation every year.
Water Scarcity • 97.5% of the Earth’s water is salty, meaning that only 2.5% of water is fresh. • About 2/3 of fresh water is frozen, leaving < 1% available for consumption. • Most of the available fresh water is in aquifers that we’re draining much more quickly than the natural recharge rate. • In the past 5 years, the Jordan River has lost over 90% of its normal flow, due to dams and diversion of water to cities and farmlands. • The Dead Sea, which is fed by the Jordan, has dropped 21 meters (70 feet) since 1978. • By 2025, 1.8 billion people will live in regions of severe water scarcity. • The proportion of people living in countries chronically short of water stood at 8% at the turn of the 21st century, and is set to rise to 45%, or 4 billion people, by 2050. • Just nine countries account for 60% of all available fresh water supplies. • China and India, with over a third of the world’s population between them, have less than 10% of the world’s water. Health Issues Related to Water Without piped water to wash their hands with, let alone to drink, around 2 billion people are inevitably carriers of disease. Patients with water‐related diseases fill half the hospital beds in the poorest countries. 3.3 million die from water‐related health problems each year, most of them children under 5 years old. Dirty water and poor sanitation kill 5,000 children a day, which equates to a child dying from a water‐related disease every 15 seconds. 84% of water‐related deaths are in children ages 0 – 14. 98% of water‐related deaths occur in the developing world. The water and sanitation crisis claims more lives through disease than any war claims through guns.
Surface water depletes during the dry season; • The lack of viable surface water source sites such as dams and lakes in new development areas; • Rapid increase in demand due to population growth; • Industrial or agricultural expansion; • Deteriorating quality of surface sources due to development upstream; • Low flow of surface source during prolonged droughts.
Unregulated Available Water is depleting Five States in the Peninsular already in deficit • Others declining • Demand continues increasing NWRS 2012
Figure: Tourist resort area affected by El-Nino Figure: Views around Orang Utan Island in Bukit Merah.
Figure: Arid conditions on irrigation system in the paddy field Figure: Bukit Merah Lake area during El- Nino showed wooden stumps submerged for so long.
These verses in the Holy Quran explained about hydrologic cycle and groundwater existence Surah Al-Mu’minun, Verse 18 And We send down water from the sky according to (due) measure, and We caused it to soak in the soil; and We certainly are able to drain it off (with ease) Dan Kami turunkan hujan dari langit dengan sukatan yang tertentu, serta Kami tempatkan ia tersimpan di bumi dan sesungguhnya Kami sudah tentu berkuasa melenyapkannya.
Surah Al-Qamar, Verse 11-12 So We opened the gates of heaven, with water pouring forth. And We caused the earth to gush forth with springs, so the waters met (and rose) to the extent decreed. Maka Kami bukakan pintu-pintu langit, dengan menurunkan hujan yang mencurah-curah. Dan Kami jadikan bumi memancarkan mata air-mata air (di sana sini) , lalu bertemulah air (langit dan bumi) itu untuk (melakukan) satu perkara yang telah ditetapkan.
These verses explained about existence of shallow aquifer Surah Az-Zumar, Verse 21 Seest thou not that Allah sends down rain from the sky, and leads it through springs in the earth? Then He causes to grow, therewith, produce of various colours: then it withers; thou wilt see it grow yellow; then He makes it dry up and crumble away. Truly, in this, is a Message of remembrance to men of understanding. Tidakkah engkau memerhatikan, bahawa Allah menurunkan hujan dari langit, lalu dialirkanNya menjadi mata air-mata air di bumi; kemudian Dia menumbuhkan dengan air itu tanaman-tanaman yang berbagai jenis dan warnanya; kemudian tanaman-tanaman itu bergerak segar (hingga ke suatu masa yang tertentu), selepas itu engkau melihatnya berupa kuning; kemudian Dia menjadikannya hancur bersepai? Sesungguhnya segala yang tersebut itu mengandungi peringatan yang menyedarkan orang-orang yang berakal sempurna.
Surah Yasin Verse 34 And We produce therein orchard with date-palms and vines, and We cause springs to gush forth therein: Dan kami jadikan di bumi itu kebun-kebun kurma dan anggur dan kami pancarkan padanya beberapa mata air,
This verse explained about existence of deep/fracture rock aquifer Surah Al-Baqarah, Verse 74 Thenceforth were your hearts hardened: They became like a rock and even worse in hardness. For among rocks there are some from which rivers gush forth; others there are which when split asunder send forth water; and others which sink for fear of Allah. And Allah is not unmindful of what you do. Kemudian sesudah itu, hati kamu juga menjadi keras seperti batu, bahkan lebih keras lagi. Padahal di antara batu-batu itu ada yang terpancar dan mengalir air sungai daripadanya dan ada pula di antaranya yang pecah-pecah terbelah lalu keluar mata air daripadanya dan ada juga di antaranya yang jatuh ke bawah kerana takut kepada Allah; sedang Allah tidak sekali-kali lalai daripada apa yang kamu kerjakan.
In layman’s term, can be defined as water that is abstracted from the ground as opposed to the surface. • Technically, it is water found in an aquifer, which can be a stratum or structure, capable of producing water through a well.
AQUIFERS • An aquifer is a ground-water reservoir composed of geologic units that are saturated with water and sufficiently permeable to yield water in a usable quantity to wells and springs. • they transmit ground water from areas of recharge to areas of discharge; • they provide a storage medium for useable quantities of ground water.
Unconfined aquifers • a permeable bed only partly filled with water and overlying a relatively impervious layer; • An unconfined aquifer is one in which a water table varies in undulating form and in slope, depending on areas of recharge and discharge, pumpage from wells, and permeability; - Contour maps and profiles of the water table can be prepared from elevations of water in wells that tap the aquifer to determine the quantities of water available and their distribution and movement.
