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Trends in mortality

Explore trends in mortality, life expectancy, and health behaviors like not smoking, balanced diet, and regular exercise. Learn how factors such as stress, attachment theory, and education impact health outcomes and longevity.

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Trends in mortality

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  1. Trends in mortality

  2. Trends in life expectancy

  3. “The EPIC Formula” • Don’t smoke • Eat a diet rich in fruit and vegetables, whole grains and low in red meat • Exercise at least 3.5 hr/week • Body mass index less than 30

  4. Reduction in risk: EPIC-Potsdam Ford et al Arch Int Med 2009

  5. Health behaviours and mortality Khaw et al PLoS Med 2008

  6. Nurse’s health study Van Dam et al BMJ 2008

  7. Diet

  8. Obesity trends in Scotland

  9. Trends in physical activity

  10. Trends in lung cancer rates –men and women

  11. Aaron Antonovsky 1923-1994

  12. Sense of coherence.... “.....expresses the extent to which one has a feeling of confidence that the stimuli deriving from one's internal and external environments in the course of living are structured, predictable and explicable, that one has the internal resources to meet the demands posed by these stimuli and, finally, that these demands are seen as challenges, worthy of investment and engagement."

  13. For the creation of health.... ....the social and physical environment must be: • Comprehensible • Manageable • Meaningful

  14. STRESS AND GRADE OF EMPLOYMENT: MEN Salivary Cortisol Time of Day Steptoeet al. 2003, Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 461-470

  15. Attachment theory • Ainsworth • Deep emotional connection that infant develops with primary caregiver • Reflects an “internal working model”expressing the infant’s expectations of parental behaviour in meaningful situations • Basis for development of later relationships • Increasingly recognised as determinant of later emotional, cognitive and social outcomes

  16. “Serve and return” “The ‘instruction’ to attend to the primary caregiver is genetic, the outcome depends on what happens” Balbernie, 2001

  17. Education allows social networks to become richer, self esteem to develop and a sense of control is enhanced. Resources to manage the environment become established Effective nurturing, consistent parenting allows a sense of control to develop. The environment becomes structured and understandable Through having a sense of purpose, health related behaviours become easier to adopt Worthwhile Manageable Comprehensible

  18. Opportunity, decent housing, social networks, self esteem and sense of control Consistent parenting, safe, nurturing early years, supportive education Health related behaviours

  19. Opportunity, decent housing, social networks, self esteem and sense of control Consistent parenting, safe, nurturing early years, supportive education Health related behaviours Worthwhile Manageable Comprehensible

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