And if education is always to be conceived

1. And if education is always to be conceived  along the same antiquated lines of a mere transmission of knowledge,  there is little to be hoped from it in the bettering of our future.    For what is the use of transmitting knowledge  if the individual's total development lags behind? Maria Montessori (August 31, 1870 – May 6, 1952) Montessori was the first female Italian physician in the modern era.

2. SUR 110Week 3Medical Terminology

3. Medical Terminology • CONCEPTS: • Root word –the basic unit of a medical term • Prefix-a part that is added before the root word to modify the meaning of the root word • Suffix-a part that is added after the root word to modify the meaning of the root word • A root word can have a prefix or a suffix or both

4. Concepts continued • The majority of roots are not words by themselves as we have come to think of words • Most medical roots come from the Latin and Greek languages • Depending on the area of study, roots’ meanings may vary • Compound words have more than one root (example: cardiothoracic and gastrointestinal)

5. Body Structure Terms • Lateral vs. Medial • Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral • Anterior vs. Posterior • Superior vs. Inferior • Proximal vs. Distal • Superficial (external) vs. Deep (internal) • R vs. L right verses left • B bilateral

7. Frontal (coronal) divides the body into anterior and posterior (belly and back) sections 2. Sagittal: dividing the body into left and right portions Midsaggital Parasaggital 3. Horizontal (transverse) divides the body into top and bottom halves Division Planes

8. Body Position Terms • Anatomic position: standing upright, face and toes forward, with arms at the side and palms out • Supine-lying down face up • Prone-lying on stomach, face down • Lateral-lying on side/can be right or left

9. Body Position Terms • Trendelenburg– patient supine; the body is at a slant with the head below the heart. (test answer – head down, feet up) • Reverse Trendelenburg - patient supine; the body is at a slant with the head above the heart. (test answer – head up, feet down)

10. Roots for Head and Neck • Blepharo eyelid • Cervico neck • Cranio skull • Dent tooth • Opthalm eye • Ot ear • Rhino nose • Tracheo throat

11. Roots for Extremities • Arthro joint • Brachio arm • Pedo foot • Pod foot

12. Abdomino abdomen Chole gall Cholecyst gall/bladder Col colon Colpo vagina Cysto urinary bladder Hepato liver Hystero uterus Laparo abdominal wall Nephro kidney Oophor ovary Orchio testicle Salpingo fallopian tube Ureter tube from kidney Urethra tube from bladder Roots for Abdomen

13. Roots for Chest and Back • Cardi heart • Lamin posterior vertebral arch • Lumbo lower back • Mast breast • Pneumo lung • Thoraco chest

14. Other Body Term Roots • Adeno gland • Derma skin • Digit finger or toe • Hema/hemo/hemato blood • Lumen opening in vessel/tube • Os opening/mouth • Phleb vein • Vas vessel/duct

15. Roots for Disease • Carcino cancer • Cysto bladder & fluid filled sac • Lith stone • Onco tumor • Patho disease • Sclero hardening

16. Additional Terms Related to Disease • Acute-a suddenly occurring illness with a short course and probable cure • Chronic-a long term illness generally with no cure • Etiology- study of the “cause” of disease • Nosocomial- infection that came from being in the hospital (nos=disease and comial=hospital) • Trauma-a physical injury

17. Signs of Disease Terms • Abcess-pus collection at an area of infection • Adhesion-two joined surfaces that are normally separated • Ascites- Fluid in the abdominal cavity • Cellulitis-tissue inflammation • Effusion-fluid in a cavity • Fissure-a split, crack, or groove • Fistula-abnormal passageway between two surfaces

18. Signs of Disease Terms continued • Cyanosis-blue color from no oxygen • Gangrene-tissue death occurring from lack of blood supply • Lesion-an area of tissue that is damaged • Pallor-pale or without color • Polyp- a tumor attached by a stalk • Purulent-with pus • Prolapse-a protrusion of an organ

19. Prolapsed uterus

20. Diagnostic Terms • Biopsy-taking a tissue sample for examination • Diagnosis-process of finding the cause of illness or the cause of illness • Endoscope (endo=interior or inside scope=instrument use for viewing) • Excision-to cut out (-ectomy) • Febrile-have a fever • Incision-to cut into (-otomy) • Suture-to sew together parts

21. Endoscopes: Arthroscope Bronchoscope Colonoscope Cystoscope Esophagoscope Esophago-gastroduodenoscope Hysteroscope Laparoscope Laryngoscope Nephroscope Proctoscope Sigmoidoscope Ureteroscope Endoscopes(May be flexible or rigid)

22. Treatment and Surgical Terms • Catheter- a tube used to remove fluid or other objects from the body. • Drain-a tube that allows fluid to pass from a wound. Can be passive or active. • Tube – used to remove fluid or gas from the body for the purpose of decompression. • Lavage- to irrigate or wash out • Cautery-destroying tissue with heat, cold, electricity, or chemicals

23. Treatment and Surgical Terms • Laser- piece of equipment that converts light to heat for surgical treatments • Resection-removal of a part not the whole • Stapling-joining tissue by metal/alloy staples

24. Abbreviations • ā before • aa of each • AAA (triple A) abdominal aortic aneurysm • abd abdomen/type of dressing • AKA above knee amputation • A-P anteroposterior • A-P and Lat anteroposterior & lateral • AV arteriovenous

25. Abbreviations continued • BKA below knee amputation • BPH benign prostate hypertrophy • bx. Biopsy • c with • cc cubic centimeter/ml • CA Cancer • CHF congestive heart failure • CVA cerebral vascular accident/stroke

26. Abbreviations continued • D&C dilation & curettage • D&E dilation & evacuation • DOA dead on arrival • ECG/EKG electrocardiogram • EEG electroencephalogram • ENT ear, nose, & throat • exp. expiration

27. Abbreviations continued • FX Fracture • H&P history & physical • hx. history • I&O intake & output • IV intravenous • IVP intravenous pyelogram • K potassium • KUB kidney, ureter, bladder (x-ray)

28. RUL=right upper lobe RML=right middle lobe RLL=right lower lobe LUL=left upper lobe LLL=left lower lobe Lobes of the Lungs

29. Quadrants of Abdomen

30. Abbreviations continued • mEq milliequivalents (per liter) • mg milligram • Mg magnesium • MI myocardial infarction • ml milliliter (cc) • mm millimeter • Na sodium • NPO nothing by mouth

31. Abbreviations continued • O2 oxygen • OD right eye (oculus dexter) • Op operation • OR operating room • OS left eye (oculus sinister) • os mouth • OU both eyes (oculus uterque)

32. Abbreviations continued • p after • P phosphorus • PA posteroanterior • post-op post-operative • prep prepare for/preparation • prn as necessary

33. Abbreviations continued • R right • rbc/RBC red blood count • S (line over it) without • STAT immediately • sat. saturation • T & A tonsillectomy & adenoidectomy • TB tuberculosis • TUR transurethral resection • TURBT transurethral resection bladder tumor

34. Abbreviations continued • TURP transurethral resection prostate • vag. hyst. vaginal hysterectomy • via by way of • wbc/WBC white blood cell

35. The Joint Commission “Do Not Use” List • U (unit) • IU (international unit) • QD, qd (daily) • Qod (every other day) • Trailing zero (x.0 mg) • Lack of Leading zero (.x mg) • MS or MSO4 (write morphine sulfate) • MgSO4 (write magnesium sulfate) • > (greater than) • < (less than) • Drug name abbreviations (write in full) • Apothocary units (use metric units) • @ (write “at”) • CC (write ml or milliliters) • µg (write mcg or micrograms)

36. IF IN DOUBT WRITE IT OUT!

37. Summary of Medical Terminology • Prefixes • Suffixes • Root Words (structure/disease/surgical) • Medical Abbreviations • Do Not Use List (Joint Commission)

38. If we wonder often,  the gift of knowledge will come. Arapaho The Arapaho tribe of Native Americans historically lived on the eastern plains of Colorado and Wyoming. They were close allies of the Cheyenne tribe and loosely aligned with the Sioux. Together with the Cheyenne they build an enclave of the Algonquian language in the West.