Reclaimed Water Opportunities Now and for the Future

1. Reclaimed Water Opportunities Now and for the Future Donald L. Safrit, P.E. Senior Technical Specialist dsafrit@mckimcreed.com (919)233-8091 (O) (919)210-9814 (M) July 14, 2011

2. Potable Water Reuse Water Wastewater Groundwater Stormwater Total Water Management is the Sustainable Solution Non-potable Water Roof Water Gray Water Reclaimed Water Rainwater Surface Water

3. Water Reuse Terms • Graywater • Generated from domestic processes such as dish washing, laundry and bathing; comprises 50-80% of residential wastewater • Harvested Rainwater • Water that originates from rain events and is collected from rooftop collection systems • Stormwater • Water that originates from rain events that runs off from surfaces such as parking lots, roadways, land and drainage features

4. Graywater Sources Typically Allowed Typically Prohibited ??? • Bathtubs • Showers • Bathroom Sinks • Clothes Washers • Laundry Trays • Toilets • Urinals • Kitchen Sinks • Dishwashers • Drinking Fountains • Floor Drains • Others?

5. Rainwater Harvesting

6. Stormwater Reuse

7. Water Reuse Terms • Reclaimed Water • Water Derived from the Treatment of Domestic, Municipal or Industrial Wastewater that is Suitable for a Beneficial Use • Reuse • Use of Reclaimed Water or Other Sources of Recycled Water • Reuse is Not Disposal! You are Producing & Recycling a Valuable Product & Resource!

9. Why Reuse Water? Growth / Infrastructure Needs Limited New Water Sources Offers Reliable Water Supply Restores Rivers / Lakes / Groundwater Levels Social / Environmental Benefits Lower Life Cycle Costs Lower Carbon Footprints Climate Change Green House Gas Reductions Zero Discharge Requirements Efficient Use of Water Reduces Pollutants to Rivers and Estuaries

10. March 2008

11. LEED Certifications Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

12. Current Reuse Opportunities in North Carolina

13. Use of Reclaimed Water • Irrigation Golf Courses, Parks, School Grounds, Commercial / Industrial Site Grounds, Residential Lawns, Landscape Areas, Roadways, Cemeteries, Other Similar Areas

14. Use of Reclaimed Water • Industrial purposes such as process or cooling water; • Aesthetic purposes such as decorative ponds or fountains, fire protection, dust control, street cleaning, and other similar uses • Bulk reuse

15. Use of Reclaimed Water • Urinal/Toilet Flushing and Fire Protection in Commercial / Industrial Buildings, Apartments, Condominiums, Hotels, Motels, or other similar structures • Notification to employees or the public • Coordination with Health Agency (DEH) • Coordination with Building Code Agency (DOI)

16. Wetland Augmentation Natural Wetlands – Hardwood and Pine Flats Degraded via clear-cut, ditching, drained, or managed. Benefits such as wildlife habitat; passive and active recreation, boardwalks, bird watching, creature watching, education of the public and schoolchildren.

17. Irrigation of Food-Chain Crops • Principal Concern – Transmission of Pathogens • Multibarrier Treatment / Disinfection • Tertiary quality effluent (biological treatment, filtration) • Membranes • Chlorination • Ozonation • Ultraviolet Light • Concerns about leafy vegetables, tomatoes, green onions, melons and single berries (strawberries, raspberries, etc.)

18. Water Quality Comparisons

19. Reclaimed Water Quality

20. 1 3 2

23. NC Water Reuse Systems 2.3 mgd 14.9 mgd 30.2 mgd 11.5 mgd Total Permitted Flow: 58.9 mgd

24. Water Reuse Systems Legend no limit indicated <100,000 gpd >100,000 gpd and < 1 mgd >1 mgd and < 3 mgd > 3 mgd

25. Total Non-Discharge Systems 314 Ac-ft / day 114,578 Ac-ft / year

26. Wastewater Management in NC

27. Recent Legislation That Influences Water Reuse

28. House Bill 2499 “Drought Bill”Signed July 2008 NC General Statute 143-355.5 Water Reuse; Policy; Rule Making • It is the public policy of the State that the use of reclaimed water is critical to meeting the existing and future water supply needs of the State. • Water reuse can provide reclaimed water for many beneficial purposes in a way that is both environmentally acceptable and protective of public health. • Rules shall be adopted to: • identify and facilitate acceptable uses of reclaimed water • Facilitate the permitting of reclaimed water systems • Reclaimed water must be considered as part of local water supply plan.

29. House Bill 268 “Reuse Rule Objections”Signed April 20, 2011 • Resolves objections raised by NC Green Council to the RRC / EMC • Clarifies that reclaimed water for irrigation of agricultural crops (including ornamental crops) is deemed permitted • Any storage of reclaimed water where overflow into surface waters might be a concern, DWQ shall issue appropriate General NPDES Permits to cover this activity

30. House Bill 388 “Reclaimed Water Cross Connection Controls”Signed June 23, 2011 • Clarifies that there shall be no direct cross-connections between reclaimed water lines and potable water systems unless approved by NC DENR

31. Current LegislationPassed Senate; in House Environment Committee • S231 Interconnection of Public Water Systems • Requires new or expanding municipal wastewater facilities to reduce or eliminate stormwater and groundwater I/I into collection systems • Evaluate beneficial reuse of treated wastewater for nondrinking water purposes • Plan to facilitate eventual interconnection with adjoining systems or regional waste treatment systems

32. Current LegislationPassed Senate; in House Environment Committee • S492 (=H621) Protect Landowner Water Rights • Encourage Reuse The State will encourage the adoption of programs that facilitate the increased use of reclaimed water and recycled water and, subject to a heightened standard of necessity and urgency, any statutes or rules that interfere with the increased use of reclaimed and recycled water.

33. Population Growth Planet Earth - 6,930,000,000 and counting… United States - 311,000,000 and counting… North Carolina - 9,400,000 and counting…

34. North Carolina 1960 Housing Density

35. North Carolina 1980 Housing Density

36. North Carolina 2000 Housing Density

37. North Carolina 2010 Housing Density

38. North Carolina 2030 Housing Density

39. Potable Reuse • Food Crop Irrigation • Microconstituents • Financing • Reclaimed Infrastructure • Advanced Treatment • Public Acceptance • Energy Demands • Water Efficiency • Water Conservation • Rainwater/Stormwater Harvesting & Reuse • Irrigation Demands

40. Potable Reuse • Food Crop Irrigation • Microconstituents • Financing • Reclaimed Infrastructure • Advanced Treatment • Public Acceptance • Energy Demands

41. Potable Reuse • Food Crop Irrigation • Microconstituents • Financing

43. Donald L. Safrit, P.E. Senior Technical Specialist dsafrit@mckimcreed.com (919)233-8091 (O) (919)210-9814 (M)