Transforming Transportation: Now and for the Future

1. Air, Energy & Transportation Challenges Transforming Transportation: Now and for the Future Jack Kitowski May 10, 2001 California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board

2. Transforming Transportation:Overview • Goal:Clean and healthful air • Progress: • Light-duty Vehicles • Zero Emission Vehicles • Advanced Transportation • Heavy-duty Vehicles • Transit Buses • Vision:“conventional technologies and fuels are not enough”

3. Air Resources Board’s Goal Ensure all individuals in California, especially children and the elderly, can live, work and play in a healthful environment -- free from harmful exposure to air pollution.

4. Air Quality TrendsHighest Ozone: Greater Los Angeles Standard

5. Daily VMT Increasing Faster Than Population +87%

6. Transforming Transportation: Light-duty vehicles

7. Reducing Motor Vehicle Emissions in California • 1990 Low Emission Vehicle (LEVI) Program • Emissions reduced 50% - 75% • Vehicle + fuel = system • ZEV Mandate: 10% of sales • Resulting technologies: • Better fuel control • Catalysts: Quick warm-up • On-board diagnostics • EVs, hybrids, natural gas, fuel cells

8. LEVII: “Near Zero” Emissions (g/mile) NOx HC Phase 3 LEV II LEV I

9. Transforming Transportation:Cars and Light Trucks Gasoline engines: • Near-zero vehicle emissions possible • 2000 & 2001 Nissan Sentra CA • Honda ZLEV • Emissions remain from fuel distribution • Terminals • Cargo tankers • Service stations

10. Fuel Distribution Emissionsvs. Cleanest Gasoline Car* Fuel Distribution Tailpipe* * PZEV

11. Transforming Transportation:Cars and Light Trucks Nissan Sentra CA

12. Transforming Transportation:Cars and Light Trucks Battery electric vehicles: • >2000 on-road in California • No vehicle emissions - ever! • Minimal fuel distribution emissions (in CA) • Better efficiency (lower CO2) • Low operating cost • Limited range ~70 miles • High battery cost

13. Transforming Transportation:Cars and Light Trucks Toyota RAV4

14. Transforming Transportation:Cars and Light Trucks Ford Ranger

15. Transforming Transportation:Cars and Light Trucks Daimler-Chrsler EPIC

16. Transforming Transportation:Cars and Light Trucks Honda EV Plus

17. Transforming Transportation:Cars and Light Trucks Nissan Altra

18. Transforming Transportation:Cars and Light Trucks Ford Th!nk - City

19. Transforming Transportation:Cars and Light Trucks Toyota Ecom

20. Transforming Transportation:Cars and Light Trucks Fuel cell electric vehicles: • DaimlerChrysler NECAR, Ford P2000 . . . . • California Fuel Cell Partnership • Zero or near zero emissions • No range limits • Better efficiency (low CO2) • Cost reduction needed

21. Transforming Transportation:Cars and Light Trucks DaimlerChrysler Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle

22. Revisiting the ZEV Mandate:2001 • Mandate stays • Reduce uncertainty • No more reviews • Modify to address • Near term availability • Cost • Market sustainability

23. Key Elements of the Revised Mandate • More gradual phase-in • Lower numbers early years • Incentives needed for new technologies • Hybrids & natural gas vehicles count toward up to half of ZEV requirement. • Bigger credits for early introduction (4x) • Bigger credits for hydrogen fuel cells (10x) • Efficiency credits • Extend and increase mandate beyond 2010

24. 10 % Mandate 6 % PZEV 2 % 2 % 2 % Hybrids, natural gas ZEV ZEVs: Revised Mandate

25. Transforming Transportation:Cars and Light Trucks • Natural gas engines • Near-zero tailpipe emissions • No evaporation emissions • Minimal fuel distribution emissions • Adequate range: ~ 200 miles • ~ $3,000 premium • Home refueling possible

26. Transforming Transportation:Cars and Light Trucks 2001 Honda Civic GX (natural gas)

27. Transforming Transportation:Cars and Light Trucks Hybrid electric vehicles: • No range limitations • With ‘no all electric range’ • 2000 Honda Insight, Toyota Prius • Big 3: Diesel hybrids, “light” hybrids • No urban emission advantages • Better efficiency (lower CO2) • With ‘electric range’ • Emission advantages of battery EV

28. Transforming Transportation:Cars and Light Trucks Honda Insight

29. Transforming Transportation:Cars and Light Trucks Toyota Prius

30. Transforming Transportation: (ZEV Sales Requirement in CA) Assumes equal mix of full function and city EVs

31. Transforming Transportation: (Preliminary Sales Requirements) Hybrids & CNG ZEVs

32. Transforming Transportation: Heavy-duty vehicles

33. Transforming Transportation: Urban Transit Buses • New bus emission standards • 90% lower emissions • Ultra-low sulfur (15 ppm) fuel • Two paths: Diesel or Alternative fuel • Older buses • Retrofit with soot filters • Ultra-low sulfur fuel • Zero emission buses • Likely fuel cells, Demos: 2003 • 15% purchase requirement: beginning 2008

34. Transforming Transportation:Heavy-Duty Trucks & Buses CNG Transit Bus

35. Transforming Transportation:Heavy-Duty Trucks & Buses Fuel cell engines: • Transit buses • Hydrogen fueled • Zero emissions • Fuel efficiency better than diesel • Commercial as soon as 2002 • Challenge: Cost reduction • Other applications • Line haul trucks, locomotives

36. Transforming Transportation:Heavy-Duty Trucks & Buses Ballard Fuel Cell Engine

37. Vision for the Future • Light-duty vehicle fleet being transformed: • natural gas vehicles, hybrids, battery electric vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles Your vehicle choices will increase dramatically over the next 5-10 years ! • Heavy-duty trucks/buses being transformed: • natural gas and fuel cell vehicles

38. Air, Energy & Transportation Challenges Transforming Transportation: Now and for the Future Jack Kitowski