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Animal Classification

Animal Classification. General characteristics: heterotrophs mobile – animals can perform rapid, complex movements multicellular cells that make up animals’ bodies are diploid. animals are classified based on: level of organization – i.e. cells, tissue, organs body plan or body shape

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Animal Classification

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  1. Animal Classification • General characteristics: • heterotrophs • mobile – animals can perform rapid, complex movements • multicellular • cells that make up animals’ bodies are diploid

  2. animals are classified based on: • level of organization – i.e. cells, tissue, organs • body plan or body shape • symmetry – similarity of form or arrangement around a point, around a line, or on either side of a flat plane • asymmetric – no symmetry (ex. sponges)

  3. Radial Symmetry • body parts are arranged around a central axis, like spokes around the hub of a wheel (ex. jellyfish)

  4. Bilateral Symmetry • body is organized along a longitudinal axis, with the right half an approximate mirror image of the left half

  5. Animals are also classified as protostomes and deuterostomes • Early pattern of embryological development is different • The first opening that will form the digestive system becomes the mouth in protostomes • First opening becomes anus in deuterstomes • The pattern of cell division up to the 8 cell stage is also different

  6. animals with bilateral symmetry have an anterior end (head), posterior end (tail), dorsal side (back), and a ventral side (belly)

  7. Phylum Porifera • Sponges • simplest animals – made up of cells working together (not organized into tissues or organs) • asymmetrical – no symmetry, irregular body masses • made of 2 layers of cells • ectoderm – outer layer of cells • endoderm – inner layer of cells • separated by mesoglea – jellylike material • sponges have a “skeleton” of flexible protein called spongin • some have spicules for support – made of CaCO3 or silica (glass) – also good protection

  8. Sponges

  9. Sponges spicule osculum pore mesoglea pinacocyte amoebocyte choanocyte

  10. Sponges are filter feeders – draw water into pores (ostia) • food is trapped by choanocytes (collar cells) • wastes are released through pores called oscula • amoeboid cells carry food from the collar cells to the ectoderm – amoeboid cells move through the mesoglea

  11. sessile – sponges lived attached to rocks in the ocean • most are marine – only a few small fresh water species

  12. Sponge Reproduction: • Sexual reproduction – shed eggs and sperm into the water • fertilized eggs develop into free swimming larvae that swim to a new rock and attach and grow into a new sponge

  13. Sponge Reproduction: • Asexual reproduction • fragmentation – sponges can break into pieces and each new piece grows into a new sponge • Budding – new sponge grows off of adult • some can form gemmules – little capsules of amoebocytes encased in protective coats that can withstand harsh conditions (grow into new sponges when living conditions improve)

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